“…91001, EV, Otten, 0614F, and Tjiusidej(R) were 10 5 cells mL −1 , while MII and M23 yielded negative results. Y. pestis M23 is a F1-negative strain that lacks the virulence determinant of the F1 envelope antigen (Burrows and Bacon, 1958;Seguin et al, 1987). Although its F1 genes (caf1, caf1A, caf1M, and caf1R) are 100% identical to those of Y. pestis 91001, Y. pestis MII is an attenuated strain with fewer surface proteins than those of other Y. pestis vaccine strains (Lei et al, 1997).…”