A rapid and precise technique for enumeration of resting cysts of Alexandrium spp. (Dinophyceae) in natural sediments

Eutrophication and occurrences of harmful algal blooms in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

“…Empty cysts of Chattonella spp. can be commonly observed by the primulin-staining method (Yamaguchi et al 1995) from deep sediments from 1950 or before (Montani 2000). This is before the eutrophication period, or the high-growth period of the Japanese economy; therefore, Chattonella spp.…”

The influence of anthropogenic nitrogen loading and meteorological conditions on the dynamics and toxicity of Alexandrium fundyense blooms in a New York (USA) estuary

“…Cells were enumerated 170 using a Nikon epifluorescence microscope with a Cy3™ filter set (Anderson et al, samples were obtained using a Ponar grab and several subcores from the top 3cm were 201 taken using a modified syringe. All samples were processed according to Anderson et al 202 (2005c) and stained with primulin (Yamaguchi et al, 1995). Primulin stained cysts were 203 enumerated under an epifluorescent microscope using a 1 ml Sedgewick-Rafter slide.…”

Monitoring Harmful Microalgae by Using a Molecular Biological Technique

“…The cyst densities calculated by the real-time PCR assay for Alexandrium cysts were almost identical to those by the canonical method to monitoring the cysts called primulin-staining (Yamaguchi et al 1995, ;Kamikawa et al 2007). However, it is notable that the cyst density calculated by the real-time PCR assay tends to be lower than that by the primulin method when sediment samples collected from 1-3cm depth were used (Erdner et al 2011).…”