“…Over the years, many researchers have made tremendous efforts to improve on the effectiveness, efficiency and robustness of PSO technique in solving optimization problems. Researches in this direction are the introduction of V max [6], inertia weight [23], constriction factor [4] into PSO, as well as improvements on the inertia weight [1,3,7,8,11,17,18,22,24], PSO with mutation operators [2,5,11,15,16], hybridization of PSO with other algorithms [19] and development of other variants of PSO [21]. Despite these improvements on PSO, virtually none of the existing variants of PSO have been able to solve optimization problems with high dimension up to 2000.…”