A randomized trial to assess beverage hydration index in healthy older adults

Clarke, Megan M.; Stanhewicz, Anna E.; Wolf, S. Tony; Cheuvront, Samuel N.; Kenefick, Robert W.; Kenney, W. Larry

doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz009

Cited by 18 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Findings from this study indicate that the consumption of Nuun electrolyte tablets with water can lead to improved fluid balance over the consumption of water alone in active individuals. This may be attributed to the electrolytes present within the Nuun solutions [ 5 , 14 , 15 ]. The 2 h BHI for 1× and 2× concentration Nuun electrolyte in water is similar to that previously reported for cola, and greater than that reported for items such as diet cola, sports drink, lager, coffee, and tea [ 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those findings, compared to those of the present study, could be due to differences in the formulations of the two beverages, with Nuun having fewer carbohydrates and more electrolytes. Previous BHI research on differences between young and older adults found that increases in concentration of sodium, not amino acids or carbohydrates, resulted in greater hydration [ 15 ]. However, no significant differences were observed between the 1× and 2× concentrations of Nuun, suggesting that there may be a limit to what electrolyte levels are needed to improve fluid retention in a rested state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Nuun Electrolyte Tablets on Fluid Balance in Active Men and Women

Pence

2020

Nutrients

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Background: Maintaining adequate hydration is important for overall health and has major implications for athletes involved in physically demanding tasks. While water is viewed as an effective means to rehydrate, and is inexpensive and readily available, electrolyte beverages appear to be more beneficial, in particular for athletes who routinely lose electrolytes through sweating. Nuun tablets contain a mix of electrolytes and are quickly dissolved in water to create an electrolyte-rich beverage. We determined the impact of Nuun tablets on the fluid balance of healthy, exercise-trained men and women at rest. Methods: Eight men (25.9 ± 4.5 yrs) and 10 women (28.2 ± 9.4 yrs) ingested either water only or water with Nuun electrolyte tablets, at both a single and double strength concentration, in random order, on three separate occasions separated by approximately one week, in a fasted and euhydrated state. A total of 1 liter of fluid was ingested at each visit over a 30 minute period. Urine was collected from each subject at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-ingestion. Urine mass values were used to calculate fluid balance and the beverage hydration index (BHI; i.e., the volume of urine produced after drinking the Nuun beverages, relative to that of water only—control condition). Heart rate and blood pressure were measured throughout the four-hour period, while body weight was measured at the start and end of the experiment. Results: Neither heart rate nor blood pressure were impacted by beverage consumption. Nuun tablets resulted in a lower urine output compared to water, with fluid balances for both concentrations more favorable compared to water (p < 0.05), beginning at 2 h post-ingestion and continuing at the 3 h and 4 h times. Body weight loss was less with Nuun at the single dose (0.38 kg; p = 0.02) and double dose (0.43 kg; p = 0.08), compared to water (0.57 kg). The BHI was higher for Nuun (single dose in particular) compared to water at both 2 h (p = 0.05) and 4 h (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The addition of Nuun electrolyte tablets to water improves the fluid balance and BHI in healthy men and women. Results were similar for both concentrations, suggesting that additional electrolytes are not necessary when in a rested state. Future studies should determine the impact of various concentrations of the Nuun beverage during physical exercise—in particular, exercise in the heat, when sweat loss may be highest.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Nuun Electrolyte Tablets on Fluid Balance in Active Men and Women

Pence

2020

Nutrients

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“…Maughan et al [14] proposed the beverage hydration index (BHI) in 2016 as a measure of the hydrating capacity or efficacy of a given beverage relative to water. Since that time, BHI has been used to compare the hydration efficacy of a variety of beverages [14,18,19]. This index is able to assess how a beverage impacts post-ingestion body fluid balance in individuals independent of sex or body mass [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This measurement thereby enables comparisons of the hydration capacity of various beverages both within and across studies. Although the 2-h post-ingestion time point was proposed by Maughan as the standard for comparison [14], additional information can be gleaned from data throughout the entire 4-h testing period, especially for older adults [18,20] for whom ingested beverages are retained for a longer period of time, or after consumption of beverages that maintain positive fluid balance beyond 2 h.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Determining the BHI of various beverages is an important first step in determining hydration efficacy, since the conditions under which this index is calculated are highly standardized and well-described [14], and because it has been measured in individuals varying in size, sex, and age [14,18,19]. Therefore, the primary purposes of the present study were: (1) to determine the hydration efficacy of a novel beverage containing milk permeate relative to water and CES, as measured by net fluid balance and BHI; and (2) to determine the extent to which fluid and electrolytes are retained in the vascular space after ingestion of each solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydration Efficacy of a Milk Permeate-Based Oral Hydration Solution

et al. 2020

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Milk permeate is an electrolyte-rich, protein- and fat-free liquid with a similar carbohydrate and mineral content to that of milk. Its hydration efficacy has not been examined. The beverage hydration index (BHI) has been used to compare various beverages to water in terms of post-ingestion fluid balance and retention. Our purpose was to compare the BHI (and related physiological responses) of a novel milk permeate solution (MPS) to that of water and a traditional carbohydrate–electrolyte solution (CES). Over three visits, 12 young subjects consumed 1 L of water, CES, or MPS. Urine samples were collected immediately post-ingestion and at 60, 120, 180, and 240 min. BHI was calculated by dividing cumulative urine output after water consumption by cumulative urine output for each test beverage at each time point. The BHI for MPS was significantly higher at all time points compared to water (all p < 0.001) and CES (all p ≤ 0.01) but did not differ between CES and water at any time point. Drinking 1 L of MPS resulted in decreased cumulative urine output across the subsequent 4 h compared to water and CES, suggesting that a beverage containing milk permeate is superior to water and a traditional CES at sustaining positive fluid balance post-ingestion.

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