“…In particular, these complicated optimization problems usually are non-differentiable, discontinuous, non-convex, non-linear, or multimodal [10][11][12]. Confronted with such kinds of complicated optimization problems, the optimization effectiveness of traditional optimization methods, such as conjugate gradient methods [13,14], space-filling curve methods [15,16], quasi-Newton methods [17,18], line search methods [19][20][21], and trust-region methods [22,23], deteriorates rapidly. In extreme cases, they are even infeasible for solving these complex problems.…”