A randomized, double-blind study of two combined oral contraceptives containing the same progestogen, but different estrogens

Contraceptives, Task Force on Oral; Koetsawang, Suporn; Mandlekar, Ajita; Krishna, U.; Purandare, V.N.; Deshpande, Charu; Chew, Sing Yian; Fong, Rosilind; Ratnam, S. S.; Kovács, László; Zalányi, S; Tekulics, A; Briggs, Michael H.; Belsey, Mark A.; Hall, Peter; Ra, Parker

doi:10.1016/0010-7824(80)90010-4

Cited by 37 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 3 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Ethinyl estradiol carries a notable pro‐coagulant and thrombotic risk 20–22 . When used in the context of contraception, these risks are offset by the well‐studied and desired improvement on menstrual cycle control 23 ; however, in the context of gender‐affirming treatment for transfeminine patients assigned male at birth, this benefit is not applicable, assumption of the thromboembolic risks is not warranted, and ethinyl estradiol is avoided. Similarly, conjugated equine estrogens can be difficult to monitor with conventional serologic laboratory testing, and given their association with increased thrombogenicity and cardiovascular risks and inherent challenges with therapeutic titration, are typically avoided in the context of feminizing GAHT 24,25 .…”

Section: Gender‐affirming Hormone Therapy—overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feminizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy for the transgender and gender diverse population: An overview of treatment modality, monitoring, and risks

Sudhakar

Huang

Zietkowski

et al. 2022

Neurourology and Urodynamics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims Feminizing gender‐affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) can be utilized to help transfeminine transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals achieve the transformation of outward sex characteristics, thereby leading to improvements in psychological and social well‐being. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize current guidelines for feminizing GAHT management as well as the available literature describing the associated health risks pertaining to cardiovascular disease, thromboembolic disease, bone health, and cancer risks. Methods Relevant literature from January 2019 through July 2022 pertaining to feminizing GAHT was identified using PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE. A narrative summary was performed with the inclusion of more recently published guidance from the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, Standards of Care Version 8. Results Guidance regarding the prescribing of feminizing GAHT with estrogen, antiandrogen, and progesterone medications is summarized along with considerations of the cardiovascular, thromboembolic, bone health, and cancer risks associated with these therapies. Conclusions Feminizing GAHT is a highly effective method for transfeminine TGD patients to achieve medically necessary changes in secondary sex characteristics. Knowledge of the health risks of feminizing GAHT is largely drawn from research in the cisgender population, with a growing body of literature in TGD‐specific patient populations. Feminizing GAHT appears to carry a low risk profile for most patients; however, further research describing the risks of hormone management around the time of gender‐affirming surgery and in the aging TGD population is needed to optimize GAHT in the context of the evolving health risks over a TGD patient's lifespan.

show abstract

Section: Gender‐affirming Hormone Therapy—overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%