A randomized controlled trial of analgesia during vaccination in adults

Survey of the prevalence of immunization non-compliance due to needle fears in children and adults

“…For influenza vaccine specifically, a review of studies of vaccine uptake in healthcare workers concluded that 4-26% of individuals refused vaccination because of fear of injections [22]. In a recent study, we documented that at least 5% of adults undergoing H1N1 vaccination did so because they were guaranteed administration of an analgesic agent for the needle poke [23]. These data provided the first evidence that managing injection pain improves vaccination compliance.…”

Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline

“…Consistent with the pediatric study, adult studies showed that either rubbing or applying pressure to the injection site before injection reduced pain during the injection. [46][47][48] We concluded that tactile stimulation before and during injection results in less pain. In the absence of data about tactile stimulation in young children, and the potential that this intervention might focus the child's attention on the site or the procedure or that excessive rubbing might cause discomfort, we felt that the results could not be extrapolated to young children (up to four years of age).…”

“…The evidence for vapocoolants contrasts with the results of two studies performed in adults undergoing vaccine injections. 48,88 It is possible that children, especially young children (up to three years old) may perceive coldness as painful, or the cold may cause them to focus their attention on the procedure. Alternatively, the lack of a positive effect might be related to inappropriate application techniques.…”

Effect of topical vapocoolant spray on perioperative pain response of unweaned calves to ear tagging and ear notching

“…Cryoanaesthesia has been investigated in various species as a means of reducing procedural pain (Mawhorter et al 2004;Soueid & Richard 2007;Hijazi et al 2009;Taddio et al 2010;Fjordbakk & Haga 2011). During cooling, nerve conduction decreases linearly until approximately 10°C, at which point nerve conduction velocity, receptor sensitivity and neural transmission are virtually blocked (Denny-Brown et al 1945;Travell 1955;Paintal 1965;Kunesch et al 1987;Millis 2004).…”