“…Although efficacy of nonpharmacological therapies has not been studied to the extent of pharmacological approaches, randomized trials are reported in the current literature to support their use, particularly as these therapies are applied in conjunction with pharmacological treatments. 4 There is emerging evidence of the benefits of physical (e.g., exercise, 5-8 acupuncture, 9,10 transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), [11][12][13][14][15] qigong, [16][17][18] ) and psychosocial (e.g., self-management education, 19 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 20 mindfulness-based meditation, music listening, guided imagery, stress management) nonpharmacological therapies as effective adjuncts to conventional treatment for chronic pain. 21 Although nonpharmacological pain management therapies have been increasingly used in the United States, studies of their effectiveness in treating older adults in particular have been limited, and there is no clear consensus regarding the best pain treatment for older adults.…”