A Raman Investigation of Carbon Nanotubes Embedded in a Soft Polymeric Matrix

Bokobza, Liliane

doi:10.1007/s10904-011-9590-7

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…However, in our experiments, we obtain an upshift in frequency of the G mode (ascribed to the stretching of the C-C bond of the carbon materials) with an increase in strain. The upshift of the G mode has been attributed to nanotube-nanotube decoupling within the bundle because the upshift is not reversible with strain [47,48]. Some hysteresis (area between the first and second stretches) is also observed in carbon nanotube-filled samples while the unfilled sample does not display any significant stress softening effect.…”

Section: Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: Electrical and mechanical properties

Bokobza

2012

Express Polym. Lett.

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Abstract. The influence of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNTs) contents on electrical and mechanical properties of MWNTs-reinforced natural rubber (NR) composites is studied. The volume resistivity of the composites decreases with increasing the MWNTs content and the electrical percolation threshold is reached at less than 1 phr of MWNTs (phr = parts of filler by weight per hundred parts of rubber). This is caused by the formation of conductive chains in the composites. Electrical measurements under uniaxial deformation of a composite carried out at a filler loading above the percolation threshold, indicate a gradual disconnection of the conducting network with the bulk deformation. The drop in the storage modulus G! with the shear strain amplitude (Payne effect) is also attributed to a breakdown of the filler network. Considerable improvement in the stiffness is obtained upon incorporation of MWNTs in the polymer matrix but the main factor for reinforcement of NR by MWNTs appears to be their high aspect ratio rather than strong interfacial interaction with rubber. The tensile strength and the elongation at break of the composites are reduced with regard to the unfilled sample. This is probably due to the presence of some agglomerates that increase with the nanotube content. This hypothesis is confirmed by a cyclic loading of the composites where it is seen that the deformation at break occurs at a much higher level of strain in the second stretch than in the first one. The overall significant property improvements are the result of a better nanotube dispersion attributed to the combined use of tip sonication and cyclohexane as dispersion aids during composite processing.

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Section: Tensile Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: Electrical and mechanical properties

Bokobza

2012

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…The D/G ratio of CNTs in NR of 1.457 is higher compared to that of the pristine CNTs. This shift and the increase of D/G ratio clearly indicate an interaction between the rubber matrix and the CNT surface and to nanotubeenanotube decoupling within the bundle [39]. As seen in Fig.…”

Section: Wetting Behavior Of Cnts In Different Rubbersmentioning

confidence: 70%

The role of linked phospholipids in the rubber-filler interaction in carbon nanotube (CNT) filled natural rubber (NR) composites

Abhijeet

Ilish³

et al. 2014

Polymer

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“…That leads to a significant and uncontrolled change in the surface energy of the filler and thus its wettability [6]. Different methods [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] were developed and used for characterization of filler wetting and polymer-filler interaction in nanocomposites containing CNTs and single polymer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of cryo-fractured surfaces of the composites was used for visualization of the polymer layer bonded to the filler [7,8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA) for filled rubber compounds a broad peak of the loss factor in the temperature range of the material glass transition temperature was observed and attributed to the reduced mobility of the bound polymer layer [11]. The shift of the D and G bands in the Raman spectra of the CNT composites was discussed as a result of the CNT-matrix wetting [9,10] and cation-# bonds between ionic liquid and CNTs [11]. Analysis of rubber-filler gel after extraction experiments (bound rubber measurement) by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out for qualitative and quantitative characterization of the physical background of the filler-polymer interaction in carbon black or silica filled rubber compounds [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of rubber polarity on selective wetting of carbon nanotubes in ternary blends

Le¹,

Parsaker²,

Sriharish³

et al. 2015

Express Polym. Lett.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with special nanoscale structure combined with the high strength of the carbon-carbon bondings and a large aspect ratio opens up a wide range of new applications [1]. However, the physical properties of the CNT-polymer composites are often below expectations, because a sufficiently effective force transfer between the polymer matrix and CNTs has not yet been reached. In order to exploit the exceptional mechanical and electrical properties of CNTs in polymer composites, the filler wetting and dispersion as well as the filler-polymer interaction must be increased [2][3][4]. It is generally known, that the smaller the contact angle ! between polymer and filler, the better the wettability of the filler and the stronger the polymer-filler interaction. Although the contact angle ! can be calculated from the surface tension of the individual components of the mixture, it is not sufficient for the description of the complex wetting behavior of the filler in rubber compounding [5]. The reason is that the filler wetting is not only thermodynamically determined, but it is also a kinetic process. Due to the agglomerate structure of filler polymer chains need a certain time Abstract. Based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the rubber-filler gel (wetting concept) the kinetics of selective wetting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in ternary styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/butadiene rubber (BR)/natural rubber (NR) blends was qualitatively and quantitatively characterized. Almost all CNTs are found to be wetted by the non-polar NR but not by the other non-polar rubber like BR or weakly polar SBR. It was proposed that phospholipids, which are linked to the "-terminal of NR can interact with the CNT surface through cation-# interactions forming strong bonding between NR and CNTs. Using the corrected surface tension value of NR, which involves the effect of phospholipids found in our previous work the selective wetting of CNTs in ternary rubber blends can be well predicted using the Z-model for a thermodynamic equilibrium state. By replacing the non-polar BR by a polar rubber like nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) as a blend component CNTs are wetted by NBR slightly more than by NR thanks to the strong interaction between CNTs and nitrile groups of NBR. SBR remains unbound to CNTs in both blends.

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A Raman Investigation of Carbon Nanotubes Embedded in a Soft Polymeric Matrix

Cited by 10 publications

References 51 publications

Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: Electrical and mechanical properties

Multiwall carbon nanotube-filled natural rubber: Electrical and mechanical properties

The role of linked phospholipids in the rubber-filler interaction in carbon nanotube (CNT) filled natural rubber (NR) composites

Effect of rubber polarity on selective wetting of carbon nanotubes in ternary blends

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