A question of intent: when is a 'schematic' illustration a fraud?

Richardson, Michael K.; Keuck, Gerhard

doi:10.1038/35065834

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…2007; Sears 2009). The echidna limb differential and other features recorded here are examples which provide further support to the critique of Richardson and Keuck (2001) to the ‘phylotypic stage’ hypothesis given the numerous deviations to a common pattern across vertebrates, including the echidna (Fig. 5).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Here, we fill this gap and discuss the embryology observable in the echidna within a phylogenetic context. For this purpose, we use one of several methods, which have been recently developed to analyse developmental timing within a phylogenetic framework (Smith 1997; Richardson and Keuck 2001; Jeffery et al. 2005; Colbert and Rowe 2008; Harrison and Larsson 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The early development of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Mammalia: Monotremata), and patterns of mammalian development

Werneburg

Sánchez‐Villagra

2010

Acta Zoologica

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Werneburg, I. and Sánchez-Villagra, M.R. 2011. The early development of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Mammalia: Monotremata), and patterns of mammalian development. -Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 92: 75-88.The echidna is one of the last survivors of the most basal clade of living mammals and as such, it is an important species to understand character transformation in the dawn of mammalian evolution. Based on description of several embryological stages and consideration of characters taken from the classical drawings of Richard Semon (1859-1918), we study the early development of this species using the Standard Event System. We describe and analyse developmental timing with a phylogenetic approach (Parsimov). A mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived features -reportedly found in the echidna adult anatomy and genome, when compared to other living mammals -is also found when examining its embryonic development. In contrast to sauropsids, we found mammals to be characterized by late eye and ear development, possibly related to their contrasting early postnatal life history. The differentiation of the jaw bones may be reflected in the developmental timing of the mandibular process among mammals. Whereas in therians the mandibular process shows an accelerated development, in echidna a delayed timing of mandibular process characters is observable. We highlight the limitation of interpreting heterochronic data and expose the plasticity in the timing of developmental characters, examined under alternative phylogenetic frameworks and character definitions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The early development of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Mammalia: Monotremata), and patterns of mammalian development

Werneburg

Sánchez‐Villagra

2010

Acta Zoologica

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“…Haeckel arranged different species in developmental rows showing similar stages ( Figure 1 ) – on the one hand to illustrate similarities between species with a didactic approach and on the other hand to support his idea of embryonic recapitulation ( Biogenetisches Grundgesetz ) [54] . Although Haeckel recognised advanced developmental shifts between embryos of different species – he named them caenogeneses [55] - he modified and simplified several embryos, a fact that has been often criticised [see 56] – [57] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Standard System to Study Vertebrate Embryos

Werneburg

2009

PLoS ONE

139

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Staged embryonic series are important as reference for different kinds of biological studies. I summarise problems that occur when using ‘staging tables’ of ‘model organisms’. Investigations of developmental processes in a broad scope of taxa are becoming commonplace. Beginning in the 1990s, methods were developed to quantify and analyse developmental events in a phylogenetic framework. The algorithms associated with these methods are still under development, mainly due to difficulties of using non-independent characters. Nevertheless, the principle of comparing clearly defined newly occurring morphological features in development (events) in quantifying analyses was a key innovation for comparative embryonic research. Up to date no standard was set for how to define such events in a comparative approach. As a case study I compared the external development of 23 land vertebrate species with a focus on turtles, mainly based on reference staging tables. I excluded all the characters that are only identical for a particular species or general features that were only analysed in a few species. Based on these comparisons I defined 104 developmental characters that are common either for all vertebrates (61 characters), gnathostomes (26), tetrapods (3), amniotes (7), or only for sauropsids (7). Characters concern the neural tube, somite, ear, eye, limb, maxillary and mandibular process, pharyngeal arch, eyelid or carapace development. I present an illustrated guide listing all the defined events. This guide can be used for describing developmental series of any vertebrate species or for documenting specimen variability of a particular species. The guide incorporates drawings and photographs as well as consideration of species identifying developmental features such as colouration. The simple character-code of the guide is extendable to further characters pertaining to external and internal morphological, physiological, genetic or molecular development, and also for other vertebrate groups not examined here, such as Chondrichthyes or Actinopterygii. An online database to type in developmental events for different stages and species could be a basis for further studies in comparative embryology. By documenting developmental events with the standard code, sequence heterochrony studies (i.e. Parsimov) and studies on variability can use this broad comparative data set.

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“…If we accept the concept of artistic licence in hand‐drawn images and diagrams and consider only the last century or so of medical publishing, there are some notable examples of ‘fraudulent images’. One of the earliest examples available for consideration was the academic argument of ‘doctored embryological diagrams’ from Drs Haeckel and His 10 . Apparently, neither of the versions published by these two embryologists is ‘true‐to‐life’ and prior partial dissection of the tissues was employed to support the arguments put forward in the two publications in question.…”

Section: Examples Of False Image Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Review. Histopathology and the ‘third great lie’. When is an image not a scientifically authentic image?

Suvarna

Ansary

2001

Histopathology

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This article considers the issues of image manipulation within the context of electronic/digital images. The possibility for such alterations has occurred with the increasing availability of simple and cheap computer software, permitting modification of digitized images as a whole, or in part. The concepts of acceptable, through to unacceptable, manipulations are discussed using macroscopic and histological illustration examples. The legal and editorial problems that this poses for medical and scientific publishing are also discussed, alongside examples of previous fraudulent image publications and the historical context of valid scientific images.

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A question of intent: when is a 'schematic' illustration a fraud?

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

The early development of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Mammalia: Monotremata), and patterns of mammalian development

The early development of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Mammalia: Monotremata), and patterns of mammalian development

A Standard System to Study Vertebrate Embryos

Review. Histopathology and the ‘third great lie’. When is an image not a scientifically authentic image?

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