A Quarter Century of Wind Spacecraft Discoveries

Abstract

This document may differ from the final, published version of the research and has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies. To read and/or cite from the published version of the research, please visit the publisher's website (a subscription may be required.) The Wind MissionNASA launched the Wind spacecraft on November 1, 1994. Wind and Polar (Harten & Clark, 1995) were part of the stand-alone Global Geospace Science (GGS) Program (Acuña et al., 1995), a subset of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) Program (Whipple & Lancaster, 1995). The ISTP Program included the additional missions Geotail (Nishida, 1994), the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory or SoHO (Domingo et al., 1995), and Cluster (Escoubet et al., 1997). The objective of the ISTP program was to study the origin of solar variability and activity, the transport of manifestations of that activity to the Earth via plasma processes, and the cause-and-effect relationships between that time varying energy transport and the near-earth environment.

Magnetosheath Jet Occurrence Rate in Relation to CMEs and SIRs

“…The list by Jian provides times for each SIR, giving a start, stream interface, and end time, and the stream interface time is defined at the peak of the total perpendicular pressure (Jian et al., 2006a). For Jian's list, Wind (Harten & Clark, 1995; Wilson et al., 2021) and ACE (when Wind data is unavailable) data are used. The time of maximum SW velocity and information on the trailing HSS of each SIR is not given.…”

Disappearance of the Polar Cap Ionosphere During Geomagnetic Storm on 11 May 2019

“…Figures 2a–2g show various solar wind parameters such as the solar wind velocity V sw , the number density N sw , the dynamic pressure P sw (=m p N sw V 2 sw , where m p is proton mass), the IMF B z in the GSM (geocentric solar magnetic) coordinates, the SYM‐H, Kp, and SML indices for a 9‐day period of 5–13 May 2019 which includes a moderate geomagnetic storm on 11 May (day 131) of interest. The solar wind parameters are obtained from the Wind spacecraft at ∼203–213 R E sunward of the Earth and time shifted to the bow shock nose (Wilson et al., 2021). The solar wind data in Figure 2 are characterized by a co‐rotating interaction region (CIR) on day 129 (9 May) and a sudden increase in N sw from ∼7 to ∼20 cm −3 at 17:50 UT on day 130 (10 May).…”

Methods to derive the magnetopause from soft X-ray images by the SMILE mission

“…n H is the density of neutral particles, usually estimated as 25(cm −3 )(10(R E )/r) 3 (Cravens et al 2001). n sw is the density of solar wind protons with typical values as 5-12 cm −3 (Wilson et al 2021), and V relv is their relative velocities typically several hundred km/s. The SXI will basically take 2D soft X-ray image of the intended target, with its FOV keeping changing as the spacecraft moves along orbit.…”