A quantum reference frame size-accuracy trade-off for quantum channels

Abstract

The imposition of symmetry upon the nature and structure of quantum observables has recently been extensively studied, with quantum reference frames playing a crucial role. In this paper, we extend this work to quantum transformations, giving quantitative results showing, in direct analogy to the case of observables, that a "large" reference frame is required for noncovariant channels to be well approximated by covariant ones. We apply our findings to the concrete setting of SU (2) symmetry.