A quantum characterization of classical radiation

Aharonov, Yakir; Falkoff, David L.; Lerner, E. C.; Pendleton, Hugh

doi:10.1016/0003-4916(66)90079-0

Cited by 76 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Experimentally, F = 0.58 ± 0.02 was achieved. Though this limits our attention to the teleportation of a rather modest set of non-orthogonal states, the fidelity gives a clear experimental signal for the presence of entanglement.Now it is known that even one single-mode squeezed state incident on a beamsplitter yields a bipartite entangled state [11]. This result is in agreement with entropic measures of bipartite pure-state entanglement [12].…”

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confidence: 71%

Multipartite Entanglement for Continuous Variables: A Quantum Teleportation Network

2000

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We show that one single-mode squeezed state distributed among N parties using linear optics suffices to produce a truly N -partite entangled state for any nonzero squeezing and arbitrarily many parties. From this N -partite entangled state, via quadrature measurements of N − 2 modes, bipartite entanglement between any two of the N parties can be 'distilled', which enables quantum teleportation with an experimentally determinable fidelity better than could be achieved in any classical scheme.PACS numbers: 03.65.Bz, 42.50.Dv Entanglement is seen as an essential ingredient in quantum communication and computation. For example, it enables quantum teleportation which was originally proposed for systems of discrete variables [1]. Later, quantum teleportation was also proposed for continuous variables [2,3]. The simplest teleportation schemes rely on bipartite entanglement, the entanglement of a pair of systems shared by two parties. For pure states, this kind of entanglement is well-understood and can be quantified [4]. Multipartite entanglement, the entanglement shared by more than two parties, is much more difficult to quantify [5]. Yet in the laboratory, the creation of tripartite discrete-variable entanglement, yielding so-called GHZ states [6], has been reported for single-photon polarization states [7] and using nuclear magnetic resonance [8].Continuous-variable quantum teleportation of arbitrary coherent states has been realized experimentally with bipartite entanglement built from two single-mode squeezed vacuum states combined at a beamsplitter [9]. In the absence of entanglement the best mean fidelity of the reconstructed coherent states is F = 1 2 [10]. Experimentally, F = 0.58 ± 0.02 was achieved. Though this limits our attention to the teleportation of a rather modest set of non-orthogonal states, the fidelity gives a clear experimental signal for the presence of entanglement.Now it is known that even one single-mode squeezed state incident on a beamsplitter yields a bipartite entangled state [11]. This result is in agreement with entropic measures of bipartite pure-state entanglement [12]. If one single-mode squeezed state were distributed among N parties using linear optics would we obtain a truly N -partite entangled state? We will show that we can answer this question using the fidelity criterion for teleporting unknown coherent states. In particular, we will see that one single-mode squeezed state is sufficient to allow quantum teleportation between any two of the N parties with the help of all other parties. The assistance by the other N − 2 parties only relies on local measurements and classical communication. Due to these N − 2 measurements, bipartite entangled states are 'distilled' from the initial N -partite entangled state.The 'position' and 'momentum' of a 1-D wavepacket (units-free withh = 1 2 as in Ref.[13]) are the electric quadrature amplitudes representing the quantum state of a single polarization of a single transverse mode of electromagnetic radiation. We define the action of an i...

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confidence: 71%

Multipartite Entanglement for Continuous Variables: A Quantum Teleportation Network

2000

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“…1; cf. [20][21][22][23][24]. Now we consider an example of a weakly nonclassical input state, i.e., r = 2, the so-called odd coherent state [31], in one of the input channels.…”

Section: Elementary Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unified quantification of nonclassicality and entanglement

2014

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The nonclassicality of single-mode quantum states is studied in relation to the entanglement created by a beam splitter. It is shown that properly defined quantifications -based on the quantum superposition principle -of the amounts of nonclassicality and entanglement are strictly related to each other. This can be generalized to the amount of genuine multipartite entanglement, created from a nonclassical state by an N splitter. As a consequence, a single-mode state of a given amount of nonclassicality is fully equivalent, as a resource, to exactly the same amount of entanglement. This relation is also considered in the context of multipartite entanglement and multimode nonclassicality.

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“…In Sec. 4 we develop the quantum optics of the beam splitter, because this simple device is the archetype of all passive optical instruments, and because the beam splitter is capable of demonstrating many interesting aspects of the wave-particle dualism. In Sec.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum physics of simple optical instruments

2003

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Simple optical instruments are linear optical networks where the incident light modes are turned into equal numbers of outgoing modes by linear transformations. For example, such instruments are beam splitters, multiports, interferometers, fibre couplers, polarizers, gravitational lenses, parametric amplifiers, phase-conjugating mirrors and also black holes. The article develops the quantum theory of simple optical instruments and applies the theory to a few characteristic situations, to the splitting and interference of photons and to the manifestation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations in parametric downconversion. How to model irreversible devices such as absorbers and amplifiers is also shown. Finally, the article develops the theory of Hawking radiation for a simple optical black hole. The paper is intended as a primer, as a nearly self-consistent tutorial. The reader should be familiar with basic quantum mechanics and statistics, and perhaps with optics and some elementary field theory. The quantum theory of light in dielectrics serves as the starting point and, in the concluding section, as a guide to understand quantum black holes.

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A quantum characterization of classical radiation

Cited by 76 publications

References 6 publications

Multipartite Entanglement for Continuous Variables: A Quantum Teleportation Network

Multipartite Entanglement for Continuous Variables: A Quantum Teleportation Network

Unified quantification of nonclassicality and entanglement

Quantum physics of simple optical instruments

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