A quantum blind signature scheme based on dense coding for non-entangled states

Abstract

Some schemes where quantum blind signatures require the use of difficult-to-prepare multiparticle entangled states. Considering the communication overhead, quantum operation complexity, verification efficiency and other relevant factors in practical situations, this article proposes a non entangled quantum blind signature scheme based on dense encoding.The information owner utilizes dense encoding and hash functions to blind the information while reducing the use of quantum resources.After receiving particles,the signer encrypts the message using a one-way function and performs a Hadamard gate operation on the selected single photon to generate the signature, and the verifier performs a Hadamard gate inverse operation on the signature and combines it with the encoding rules to restore the message and complete the verification. Compared with some typical quantum blind signature protocols, this protocol has strong blindness in privacy protection, higher flexibility in scalability and application. The signer can adjust the signature operation according to the actual situation, which greatly simplifies the complexity of the signature.Simultaneously utilizing the secondary distribution and rearrangement of non entangled quantum states, a non entangled quantum state representation of three bits of classical information was achieved,reducing the use of a large amount of quantum resources and lowering implementation costs. This improves both signature verification efficiency and communication efficiency, while at the same time, this scheme meets the requirements of unforgeability, non repudiation, and prevention of information leakage.