A Quantitative Theory of the Precipitin Reaction

Heidelberger, Michael; Kendall, Forrest E.

doi:10.1084/jem.62.5.697

Cited by 355 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…It has previously been shown that typical instances of the precipitin reaction could be quantitatively described by means of equations derived from the law of mass action (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). These equations and the significance of their constants, as well as empirical equations which in some instances fitted the data even more closely, were discussed in the preceding paper (8) and are therefore given only in their applied form in the tables in the present paper.…”

Section: (From the Departments Of Biological Chemistry And Medicine mentioning

confidence: 91%

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A Quantitative Theory of the Precipitin Reaction

Stokinger

Heidelberger

1937

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Investigations on the mechanism of thyroid action have emphasized the importance of thyroxine, a crystalline degradation product of the protein, thyroglobulin, which appears to be the actual thyroid hormone. Only limited information is available on the chemical and physical properties of thyroglobulin, on the interrelationships of the thyroglobulins of various animal species, and on the immunological properties of the protein and antisera produced by its injection. Hektoen and his collaborators (1) have made a qualitative comparison and found a greater serological relationship between the mammalian thyroglobulins than between the thyroglobulins of mammals and chickens. On the other hand, absorption experiments revealed distinct differences between certain of the mammalian thyroglobulins. Since a deeper insight into these similarities and disparities might assist in an understanding of the nature of organ specificity it was felt that further study of the problem was warranted, especially since new and more sensitive quantitative methods have become available since the earlier work.

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Section: (From the Departments Of Biological Chemistry And Medicine mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Tg suspensions were made and injections carried out as described in (6). Rabbits were injected with 1 to 5 rag.…”

Section: Expf+rimentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Quantitative Theory of the Precipitin Reaction

Stokinger

Heidelberger

1937

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…That the actual plasma antibody is capable of precipitating more antigen in vivo than in vitro seems unlikely, since the precipitin reaction performed in vitro involves refrigeration as well as incubation, and it is well known that refrigeration causes a small but significant increase in the total amount of precipitate obtained (see, for example, Heidelberger & Kendal, 1935). Moreover, in passively immunized animals the vitro/vivo ratio does approximate to unity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This secondary or anamnestic response to a non-specific stimulus has not been confirmed by accurate quantitative serological methods. For example, Heidelberger & Kendal (1935) were unable to obtain any increase in the titre of rabbit antiovalbumin serum by injecting large amounts of horse serum, and van der Scheer, Bohnel, Clarke & Wyckoff (1942) can have had any significant effect in increasing the amount of available antibody, since the quantitative effect of 'non-plasma antibody' on antigen elimination is frequently considerably greater than that of plasma antibody, and it is unlikely that the amounts of additional antibody required could be made available by the lymphocytes in the short time involved. Moreover, the lymphocytopenia accompanying injection of cortisone had no effect on the vitro/vivo ratio and did not increase the circulating antibody titre of the serum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of radioactive isotopes in immunological investigations. 13. The role of leucocytes and non-plasma antibody in the removal of antigenic proteins from the blood stream of immunized rabbits

Francis

Hawkins

1958

Biochemical Journal

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. 80 %, v/v); the precipitate was washed with ethanol and with ether and dried in vacuo. For the isolation of the antibody the serum was roughly calibrated for antibody content and antigen was added in such amount that the precipitate was formed in or near the equivalence zone. The precipitate was washed with 09 % sodium chloride solution and then with water, and dried in vacuo. The radioactivity measurements were made in a windowless flow counter as described by Banks, Crawhall & Smyth (1956). The results are shown in Table 1.If the total circulating plasma volume of the rabbit (4413 kg.) is assumed to be 140 ml. and the plasma protein concentration 7 %, 9-8 g. of plasma protein will be circulating. Thus at 7-5 hr. the total radioactivity incorporated into the plasma proteins was 49,c, or 16 % of the radioactivity administered. The actual count rate of the antibody fraction can be increased more than 100-fold by converting the hydrogen of the samples into methane and measuring the radioactivity of this gas (Banks et al. 1956).

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“…ually absorbed with a homologous antigen, a certain portion remains in the supernate as one approaches the equivalence point (21,22). These antibodies no longer precipitate upon the further addition of increments of antigen.…”

Section: The Effect Of Concentration On the Precipitinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colicin K

Tsao

Goebel

1969

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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I t was a decade and a half ago when our laboratory initiated its investigation on the chemical and immunological nature of the colicins.These potent antibacterial substances, which are elaborated by a variety of enteric microorganisms, had never been fully characterized since their discovery by Gratia (1) in 1925. To be sure, over the years there have appeared assertions that these are proteins, and perhaps for good reason, for their biological activity was known to be destroyed by proteolytic enzymes (2). Yet a search of the literature, until but a few years ago, yielded no other convincing evidence that this was indeed their true nature. More recently this situation has changed. There are now several investigators who have obtained highly purified colicins, the syntheses of which are induced with the antibiotic mitomycin C, a reagent which kills the growing colicinogenic bacillus and radically alters its metabolic processes, but which permits, indeed even enhances, the synthesis of the bacteriocin (3-5). From such cultures there have been obtained bacteriocins which are unquestionably protein in nature. One must not lose sight of the fact, however, that the conditions under which these bacteriocins are elaborated are considerably different from those of microorganisms growing in a medium devoid of mitomycin.Our earlier work with Escherichia coli K235 (6) and with a colicinogenic strain of Shigella sonnei phase I I (7), as well as with a colon bacillus which elaborates colicin V (8), has all pointed toward the fact that the type-specific O antigen of these bacilli is in each instance bactericidal. It has been our premise that the colicins are an integral part of the O antigenic complexes and that they cannot be separated from them by electrophoretic or chromatographic means (9). It must be emphasized, however, that we have always been alert to the possibility that colicin protein and O antigen are in some way intimately bound, and that their separation might not have been achieved by the procedures employed.Early in our work we showed that the colicin K derived from E. coli K235 elaborated two types of antibodies, one which precipitated the substance, and the other which neutralized its bactericidal activity, apparently without

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A Quantitative Theory of the Precipitin Reaction

Cited by 355 publications

References 8 publications

A Quantitative Theory of the Precipitin Reaction

A Quantitative Theory of the Precipitin Reaction

The use of radioactive isotopes in immunological investigations. 13. The role of leucocytes and non-plasma antibody in the removal of antigenic proteins from the blood stream of immunized rabbits

Colicin K

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