A quantitative real-time PCR method for monitoring Symbiodinium in the water column

Koike, Kazuo; Yamashita, Hiroshi; Ohuchi, Akira; Tamaki, Maro; Hayashibara, Takeshi

doi:10.3755/jcrs.9.1

Cited by 28 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The abundance and distribution of different types of free-living Symbiodinium and relative availability of Symbiodinium inhabiting different sectors of the marine environment to asymbiotic hosts have been poorly investigated to date (Coffroth et al 2006, Koike et al 2007, Hirose et al 2008, Littman et al 2008, Manning & Gates 2008, Porto et al 2008.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Free-living Symbiodinium have been identified in the water column and substrates of coral reefs (Carlos et al 1999, Coffroth et al 2006, Koike et al 2007, Hirose et al 2008, Littman et al 2008, Manning & Gates 2008, Porto et al 2008. To date the diversity of free-living Symbiodinium and their availability for uptake by host organisms have been poorly characterized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to sediment enhances primary acquisition of Symbiodinium by asymbiotic coral larvae

Adams¹,

Cumbo²,

Takabayashi³

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Many symbiotic marine invertebrates acquire free-living Symbiodinium from the environment. Abundance and diversity of free-living Symbiodinium could influence recovery from bleaching, resilience, and the long-term adaptation of host organisms. Although free-living Symbiodinium have been detected in the water column and substrates of coral reefs, their diversity and availability to the hosts are poorly understood. Tank experiments were conducted to test whether asymbiotic coral larvae of Acropora monticulosa acquired free-living Symbiodinium from the water column or sediment to become symbiotic. Treatments included filtered (0.22 µm) seawater (FSW), unfiltered seawater (SW), FSW and sediment, and SW and sediment. Our results showed that greater proportions of larvae in sediment-containing treatments acquired Symbiodinium earlier and had greater in hospite Symbiodinium densities when compared to seawater-only treatments. Additionally, clade A Symbiodinium was only recovered in the larvae from the sediment-containing treatments, whereas clades B and C were recovered from all treatments. Differences in distribution, abundance, replication and motility patterns of Symbiodinium, as well as larval behavior, may have contributed to the observed differences between uptake from the sediment and the water column. However, our results suggest that the sediment may represent an important source of free-living Symbiodinium available for uptake during primary acquisition by coral larvae.KEY WORDS: Free-living Symbiodinium · Acquisition · Coral larvae · Reef sediment · Water column · Acropora monticulosa Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 377: [149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156] 2009 stress events such as bleaching then this mode may be advantageous in the long-term life history of the species. Furthermore, adults of some host species may be able to acquire a new strain of Symbiodinium through secondary acquisition following stress events, such as bleaching (Kinzie et al. 2001). Despite its apparent adaptive advantages, secondary acquisition in scleractinian corals has not been observed, possibly due to experimental limitations. This lack of evidence has lead investigators to suggest that hosts shuffling proportions of different Symbiodinium strains already in hospite is the predominant mode of physiological adaptation in scleractinian corals (Berkelmans & van Oppen 2006). If this is the case, then primary acquisition of Symbiodinium strains is critically important in the entire life history of these hosts. Resilience of symbiotic reef organisms, like corals, may thus be especially reliant upon the symbiont types specifically involved in primary acquisition (Baird et al. 2007).Given the dependence of reef invertebrates on environmental pools of Symbiodinium, it is imperative to understand the diversity and ecology of free-living Symbiodinium and their interactions with potential hosts. Free-living Symbiodinium have been identified in the water column...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to sediment enhances primary acquisition of Symbiodinium by asymbiotic coral larvae

Adams¹,

Cumbo²,

Takabayashi³

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…According to our previous report (Koike et al 2007), corals have a daily rhythmicity of Symbiodinium expulsion, with a peak at noon. Therefore, from 12:00 to 14:00, the supplies of seawater to the aquaria were stopped, and ex pelled Symbiodinium during these two hours accumulated in the aquaria.…”

Section: Collection Of Expelled Symbiodinium From the Coralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under stressful conditions, the relationship can collapse, causing corals to expel large amounts of Sym biodinium and often resulting in "coral bleaching" (Goreau 1964;Jaap 1979;Egaña and DiSalvo 1982;HoeghGuldberg and Smith 1989;Gates et al 1992;Brown et al 1995;Brown 1997). Corals can also expel Symbiodinium under non-stressful conditions (Hoegh-Guldberg et al 1987;Titlyanov et al 1996;Jones and Yellowlees 1997;Baghdasarian and Muscatine 2000;Koike et al 2007; Dimond and Carrington 2008;Yama shita et al 2011). These "expulsion" phenomena do not share the same mechanism: the former instance seems to be a breakdown of the Symbiodinium maintenance system in corals, while the latter case is the steady-state healthy function in corals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expulsion of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium) from several species of scleractinian corals: comparison under non-stress conditions and thermal stress conditions

Fujise

Yamashita

Suzuki

et al. 2013

Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies

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Corals expel zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium) not only under thermal stress conditions, but also under nonstress conditions. To better understand the significance of this, we compared cell numbers, morphologies and photosynthetic activities of the expelled Symbiodinium under different temperatures for six species of scleractinian corals; Acropora selago, Acropora muricata, Heliofungia actiniformis, Ctenactis echinata, Oxypora lacera and Pocil lopora eydouxi, kept in aquariua. During the eight day aquarium experiment, every coral expelled two types of Symbiodinium morphologies, normal and degraded form, and the ratios of these forms differed depending on the temperature. Under a non-stress, initial temperature condition of 27℃, mainly degraded cells were expelled. In contrast, when the water temperature was increased and reached to 32℃, the expulsion rates drastically increased,

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“…Filters were frozen at −20 • C for several days, and then boiled in 500 µL of TE buffer. Details of the TE boiling method for DNA extraction are provided in Koike et al (2007) and Yamashita et al (2011). A part of the Acropora mitochondrial control region (mtCR, ∼800-1,000 bp in length) has been widely used as a molecular marker for Acropora species identification Suzuki et al, 2008).…”

Section: Edna Extraction and Pcr Amplificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Seawater to Document Coral-Zoothanthella Diversity: A New Approach to Coral Reef Monitoring Using Environmental DNA

et al. 2018

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Frequent, high-density coral monitoring is essential to understand coral reef ecosystems. For this purpose, we developed a novel method for simultaneous monitoring of Acropora corals and their symbiont, Symbiodinium, from environmental DNA (eDNA) in seawater using next generation sequencing technology (NGS). We performed a tank experiment with running seawater using 19 Acropora species. Complete mitochondrial genomes of all the Acropora species were assembled to create a database and major types of their Symbiodinium symbionts were identified. Then eDNA was isolated by filtering inlet and outlet seawater from the tanks. Acropora and Symbiodinium DNA were amplified by PCR and sequenced. We detected all of the tested Acropora types from eDNA samples. Proportions and numbers of DNA sequences were both positively correlated with masses of corals in the tanks. In this trial, we detected DNA sequences from as little as 0.04 kg of Acropora colony, suggesting that existence of at least one adult Acropora colony (∼30 cm diameter = 1 kg) per m 2 at depths <10 m could be detected using eDNA in the field. In addition, we detected major types of Symbiodinium within host corals from seawater, suggesting that it should be possible to detect major coral symbiont types if Acropora corals exist nearby, and possible free-living state Symbiodinium cells from eDNA in seawater. eDNA abundance of Symbiodinium types did not correlate well with frequencies of major Symbiodinium types in the corals, suggesting that quantification of Symbiodinium is difficult at this stage. Although this is the initial attempt to detect coral and Symbiodinium simultaneously from eDNA in seawater, this method may allow us to perform high-frequency, high-density coral reef monitoring of both corals and their symbionts in the near future.

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A quantitative real-time PCR method for monitoring Symbiodinium in the water column

Cited by 28 publications

References 19 publications

Exposure to sediment enhances primary acquisition of Symbiodinium by asymbiotic coral larvae

Exposure to sediment enhances primary acquisition of Symbiodinium by asymbiotic coral larvae

Expulsion of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium) from several species of scleractinian corals: comparison under non-stress conditions and thermal stress conditions

Using Seawater to Document Coral-Zoothanthella Diversity: A New Approach to Coral Reef Monitoring Using Environmental DNA

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