“…Besides the above empirical studies, researchers examined the environmental e¤ects of the scrappage program using various analytical models, which include the discrete analysis (e.g., Adda and Cooper, 2000), mass point duration model (e.g., Chen and Niemeier, 2005), integer program model (e.g., Gao and Stasko, 2009), cost-bene…t analysis (e.g., Lavee and Becker, 2009), life cycle optimization model (e.g., Kim et al 2003, Kim et al 2004, Spitzley et al 2005, Lenski et al 2010, and Basbagill et al 2013, and others (e.g., Chen et al 2010 andLorentziadis andVournas 2011).…”