A Quantitative Measure of Telepresence

Schloerb, David W.

doi:10.1162/pres.1995.4.1.64

Cited by 182 publications

(76 citation statements)

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“…This vision describes presence as "Media Presence", a function of our experience of a given medium [7][8][9][10]. The main outcome of this approach is the "perceptual illusion of nonmediation" [10] definition of presence.…”

Section: Virtual Reality: From Technology To Experiencementioning

confidence: 99%

Being There: Understanding the Feeling of Presence in a Synthetic Environment and its Potential for Clinical Change

Riva¹,

Mantovani²

2012

Virtual Reality in Psychological, Medical and Pedagogical Applications

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Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46411 IntroductionVirtual Reality (VR) has been usually described as a collection of technological devices: a computer capable of interactive 3D visualization, a head-mounted display and data gloves equipped with one or more position trackers [1]. The trackers sense the position and orientation of the user and report that information to the computer which updates the images for display in real time.However, in the behavioral sciences, VR is usually described as [2] "an advanced form of human-computer interface that allows the user to interact with and become immersed in a computer-generated environment in a naturalistic fashion" (p. 82).This feature transforms VR in an "empowering environment", a special, sheltered setting where patients can start to explore and act without feeling of being threatened [3]. Nothing the patients fear can "really" happen to them in VR. With such assurance, they can freely explore, experiment, and experience feelings and/or thoughts. VR thus becomes a very useful intermediate step between the therapist's office and the real world [4; 5]. In other words, the key feature of VR for clinical goals is that it offers an effective support to the activity of the subject by activating the feeling of "presence", the feeling of being inside the virtual world.But what is presence? In this chapter we will use the following three research outcomes emerging from the recent work of cognitive sciences to build a cognitive theory of presence:1. Cognitive processes can be either rational or intuitive: we will argue that presence is an intuitive feeling that is the outcome of an experience-based metacognitive judgment; 2. Skills become intuitive when our brain is able to simulate their outcome: we will show argue that presence monitors intuitively our activity processes using embodied simulations;Virtual Reality in Psychological, Medical and Pedagogical Applications 4 3. Space is perceived in terms of the actions we could take towards them: we will argue that the feeling of Presence in a real or virtual space is directly correlated to the outcome of the actions the subject can enact in it;In sum, the feeling of presence can be described as the product of an intuitive experiencebased metacognitive judgment related to the enaction of our intentions: We are present in an environment -real and/or synthetic -when we are able, inside it, to intuitively transform our intentions in actions. The consequences of this claim for the development of clinical virtual environments are presented and discussed. Virtual reality: From technology to experienceSince 1986, when Jaron Lamier used the term for the first time, VR has been usually described as a collection of technological devices. In general, a VR system is the combination of the hardware and software that enables developers to create VR applications [6]. The hardware components receive input from user-controlled devices and convey multi-sensory output to create the illusion...

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Section: Virtual Reality: From Technology To Experiencementioning

confidence: 99%

Being There: Understanding the Feeling of Presence in a Synthetic Environment and its Potential for Clinical Change

Riva¹,

Mantovani²

2012

Virtual Reality in Psychological, Medical and Pedagogical Applications

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“…Hendrix and Barfield (1996a, 1995, however, have found that differently worded questions produced similar results, thus providing some evidence that this latter case may not be a major problem.…”

Section: Yesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Experience of Presence in Virtual Environments

Youngblut¹

2003

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PrefaceThis work was performed in support the "Development and Assessment of ADL Prototypes" task sponsored by the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Readiness and Training Directorate under the general direction of Dr. Robert Wisher (OUSD/P&R). It partially fulfills the objectives of this task to use Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) prototypes and other appropriate sources to develop an "engineering of instruction" that links specific instructional design alternatives to specific instructional outcomes and to assist in the cost and effectiveness assessment of ADL prototypes, including assistance in the design of assessment experiments, collection of assessment data, and documentation of findings.Many researchers reviewed or added details to the information presented on their experimental studies. We are grateful for all such contributions. We also gratefully acknowledge those individuals who reviewed and provided comments on this document. Executive SummaryWhile reviewing research on how to maximize the effectiveness of the use of virtual environments (VEs) for Department of Defense (DoD) applications, data were collected based on the role that the sense of presence plays in VE applications. The potential importance of presence is based on a common assumption that increasing the sense of presence experienced in a VE leads to improved task performance.This document is intended as a resource document that presents the results of this data collection effort. It considers (place) presence, co-presence, and social presence. Nearly 70 different measures and over 100 experimental studies of various issues regarding presence are identified.Few of the experimental studies have attempted to examine the potential relationship between presence and task performance. This small set of studies has used four different measures of presence and nine different types of performance measures. Out of 83 findings, 42 showed a significant correlation between presence and task performance, most in the expected direction. As yet, there is no evidence on whether the relationships that do exist are causal in nature.Nonetheless, some conclusions are clear. Despite a decade of research, the role of presence in VEs is still unclear. There is no commonly agreed theory of presence nor are there common measures for this construct. There is some evidence that particular technological, tasks and personal characteristics can influence the extent of presence experienced in a VE. However, the critical question of whether manipulating presence can achieve improved task performance remains unanswered.1

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“…As we can see clearly, almost all the definitions above correspond to the sense of presence induced by mediation (from the perspective of virtual reality and computer mediated environments). Presently this sense of presence that we experience (different from physical reality) is being studied from various disciplines associated with cognitive science (for instance, film theory and art, television and media [15], literature theory [16], teleoperation [3,17], communication media [1], video games and serious games [18,19], virtual reality [5,13,20].…”

Section: The Sense Of Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…They illustrated how the phenomenon of self-projection relies on a personal mental simulation of another time, place or perspective. This attribute is comparable to one of the primary characteristics of a virtual reality illusion that gives us the feeling of 'telepresence' [3,17] or a sense of 'transportation' to a virtual world [16] or what Rheingold [20] called 'a form of out-of-body experience'.…”

Section: Similarities With Presence In Virtual Reality (Or Media-evokmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence in Visual Mental Imagery

Pillai

Athavankar

Schmidt

et al. 2013

Advances in Visual Informatics

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‘Presence’, the sense of being inside a virtual environment evoked with the help of computer mediation, has come to be a subject well explored in the field of virtual reality. Studies on mental imagery confirm that we can intuitively evoke objects and spaces in our minds and interact with them temporally. We believe that a sense of presence could be experienced in such self-evoked reality as well. This paper explores the experience of presence in visual mental imagery. We studied verbal expressions, physical movements and gestures, exhibited during mental imagery experiences in two scenarios - a guiding task and a mental walk exercise. A ‘protocol analysis’ was performed followed by analysis of time taken and mapping of physical movements. The results evidently point to this spatio-temporal phenomenon of experiencing presence. Furthermore, we present a comparative review on the sense of presence experienced during mental imagery and virtual reality.International audience‘Presence’, the sense of being inside a virtual environment evoked with the help of computer mediation, has come to be a subject well explored in the field of virtual reality. Studies on mental imagery confirm that we can intuitively evoke objects and spaces in our minds and interact with them temporally. We believe that a sense of presence could be experienced in such self-evoked reality as well. This paper explores the experience of presence in visual mental imagery. We studied verbal expressions, physical movements and gestures, exhibited during mental imagery experiences in two scenarios - a guiding task and a mental walk exercise. A ‘protocol analysis’ was performed followed by analysis of time taken and mapping of physical movements. The results evidently point to this spatio-temporal phenomenon of experiencing presence. Furthermore, we present a comparative review on the sense of presence experienced during mental imagery and virtual reality

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A Quantitative Measure of Telepresence

Cited by 182 publications

References 1 publication

Being There: Understanding the Feeling of Presence in a Synthetic Environment and its Potential for Clinical Change

Being There: Understanding the Feeling of Presence in a Synthetic Environment and its Potential for Clinical Change

Experience of Presence in Virtual Environments

Presence in Visual Mental Imagery

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