A Quantitative Analysis of Physical Security and Path Loss With Frequency for IBOB Channel

Datta, Arunashish; Nath, Mayukh; Chatterjee, Baibhab; Maity, Shovan; Sen, Shreyas

doi:10.1109/lmwc.2022.3163077

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…In addition to low power consumption, high data rates, and no transduction loss, BP-QBC also promises to exhibit significant security benefits for an implant. Since the EQS signals do not radiate significantly outside the human body, all EQS HBC modalities are inherently more secure than RF techniques where the signals leak outside the body and can be picked up by an attacker at a distance of a few cm – a few m. Our previous works 42,45 have explored the security properties of G-HBC and C-HBC in detail, and compared them with RF to show that EQS HBC techniques exhibit a private space which is ~30× better 45 than traditional radiative RF, thereby making it harder for a malicious attacker to snoop in. A detailed analysis of the security properties of BP-QBC, and comparison with the security of OP, US and ME techniques is out of scope of the current article and will be analyzed in a future work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi-Phasic Quasistatic Brain Communication for Fully Untethered Connected Brain Implants

Chatterjee

Nath

Kumar

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Wireless communication using electro-magnetic (EM) fields acts as the backbone for information exchange among wearable devices around the human body. However, for Implanted devices, EM fields incur high amount of absorption in the tissue, while alternative modes of transmission including ultrasound, optical and magneto-electric methods result in large amount of transduction losses due to conversion of one form of energy to another, thereby increasing the overall end-to-end energy loss. To solve the challenge of wireless powering and communication in a brain implant with low end-end channel loss, we present Bi-Phasic Quasistatic Brain Communication (BP-QBC), achieving < 60dB worst-case end-to-end channel loss at a channel length of ~55mm, by using Electro-quasistatic (EQS) Signaling that avoids transduction losses due to no field-modality conversion. BP-QBC utilizes dipole coupling based signal transmission within the brain tissue using differential excitation in the transmitter (TX) and differential signal pick-up at the receiver (RX), while offering ~41X lower power w.r.t. traditional Galvanic Human Body Communication (G-HBC) at a carrier frequency of 1MHz, by blocking any DC current paths through the brain tissue. Since the electrical signal transfer through the human tissue is electro-quasistatic up to several 10’s of MHz range, BP-QBC allows a scalable (bps-10Mbps) duty-cycled uplink (UL) from the implant to an external wearable. The power consumption in the BP-QBC TX is only 0.52 μW at 1Mbps (with 1% duty cycling), which is within the range of harvested power in the downlink (DL) from a wearable hub to an implant through the EQS brain channel, with externally applied electric currents < 1/5th of ICNIRP safety limits. Furthermore, BP-QBC eliminates the need for sub-cranial interrogators/repeaters, as it offers better signal strength due to no field transduction. Such low end-to-end channel loss with high data rates enabled by a completely new modality of brain communication and powering has deep societal and scientific impact in the fields of neurobiological research, brain-machine interfaces, electroceuticals and connected healthcare.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi-Phasic Quasistatic Brain Communication for Fully Untethered Connected Brain Implants

Chatterjee

Nath

Kumar

et al. 2022

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…On the other hand, galvanic mode of signal transfer 17,[40][41][42][43] has been shown to work better for implants, wherein the TX uses differential (galvanic) excitation, and the RX picks up the signal differentially. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Pros and Cons Of Galvanic Eqs Hbc (G-hbc) For Brain Implantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 Magneto-Electric Comm. 10 C-HBC picked up by an attacker at a distance of a few cma few m. Our previous works 42,45 have explored the security properties of G-HBC and C-HBC in detail, and compared them with RF to show that EQS HBC techniques exhibit a private space which is ~30× better 45 than traditional radiative RF, thereby making it harder for a malicious attacker to snoop in. A detailed analysis of the security properties of BP-QBC, and comparison with the security of OP, US and ME techniques is out of scope of the current article and will be analyzed in a future work.…”

Section: Privacy Space Comparison For Security: Bp-qbc Vs Traditional...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biphasic quasistatic brain communication for energy-efficient wireless neural implants

Chatterjee,

Nath,

Kumar K

et al. 2023

Nat Electron

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Wireless communication using electro-magnetic (EM) fields acts as the backbone for information exchange among wearable devices around the human body. However, for Implanted devices, EM fields incur high amount of absorption in the tissue, while alternative modes of transmission including ultrasound, optical and magnetoelectric methods result in large amount of transduction losses due to conversion of one form of energy to another, thereby increasing the overall end-to-end energy loss. To solve the challenge of wireless powering and communication in a brain implant with low end-end channel loss, we present Bi-Phasic Quasistatic Brain Communication (BP-QBC), achieving < 60dB worst-case end-to-end channel loss at a channel length of ~55mm, by using Electro-quasistatic (EQS) Signaling that avoids transduction losses due to no field-modality conversion. BP-QBC utilizes dipole coupling based signal transmission within the brain tissue using differential excitation in the transmitter (TX) and differential signal pick-up at the receiver (RX), while offering ~41X lower power w.r.t. traditional Galvanic Human Body Communication (G-HBC) at a carrier frequency of 1MHz, by blocking any DC current paths through the brain tissue. Since the electrical signal transfer through the human tissue is electroquasistatic up to several 10's of MHz range, BP-QBC allows a scalable (bps-10Mbps) duty-cycled uplink (UL) from the implant to an external wearable. The power consumption in the BP-QBC TX is only 0.52 μW at 1Mbps (with 1% duty cycling), which is within the range of harvested power in the downlink (DL) from a wearable hub to an implant through the EQS brain channel, with externally applied electric currents < 1/5th of ICNIRP safety limits. Furthermore, BP-QBC eliminates the need for sub-cranial interrogators/repeaters, as it offers better signal strength due to no field transduction. Such low end-to-end channel loss with high data rates enabled by a completely new modality of brain communication and powering has deep societal and scientific impact in the fields of neurobiological research, brain-machine interfaces, electroceuticals and connected healthcare. Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Wireless energy and information transfer in WBAN: A comprehensive state-of-the-art review

Zhumayeva,

Dautov,

Hashmi

et al. 2023

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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A Quantitative Analysis of Physical Security and Path Loss With Frequency for IBOB Channel

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Bi-Phasic Quasistatic Brain Communication for Fully Untethered Connected Brain Implants

Bi-Phasic Quasistatic Brain Communication for Fully Untethered Connected Brain Implants

Biphasic quasistatic brain communication for energy-efficient wireless neural implants

Wireless energy and information transfer in WBAN: A comprehensive state-of-the-art review

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