A qualitative study on antibiotic use and animal health management in smallholder dairy farms of four regions of India

Sharma, Garima; Mutua, Florence; Deka, Ram Pratim; Shome, Rajeshwari; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Shome, Bibek Ranjan; Kumar, Naresh; Grace, Delia; Dey, Tushar Kumar; Venugopal, Nimita; Sahay, Swati; Lindahl, Johanna F.

doi:10.1080/20008686.2020.1792033

Cited by 30 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…Irrational use of antibiotics in Indian dairy systems is aggravated by a number of factors; poor knowledge and misconceptions about antibiotics, easy access to antibiotics, and limited field supervision, possibly due to inadequate veterinary coverage [ 12 ], all seen in our study. Despite the three-pronged approach used to assess farmer, farm environment, and farm product, milk, quantifying antibiotic usage was hugely challenging in this study with farmers misconceptions on what antibiotics are remaining a fundamental stumbling block in quantifying antibiotic usage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is estimated that some 70 million households derive their livelihoods from dairy cattle across India [ 11 ]. On these small-scale dairy farms, minimal quality control and infrastructure exists and practices, such as non-therapeutic or irrational use of antibiotics in lactating cows, are uncontrolled and unregulated [ 2 , 11 , 12 ]. Such malpractices do not seem as widespread on larger sized dairy farms which have been identified as using antibiotics in a more responsible way than smaller-scale dairy farms [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, while these policy revisions act as guidelines from a top-down perspective on safe antibiotic usage, their uptake at a grassroots level remains poorly regulated and understood. Another study investigating farmers use of antibiotics on small-scale dairy farms in Assam and Haryana, through focus-group methods, showed poor levels of knowledge regarding antibiotic usage [ 12 ]. The use of other research methods including knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) questionnaires among small-scale dairy farmers in Assam and Haryana has previously been reported, however the KAP research focused on zoonotic disease and not antibiotic usage [ 14 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding Antibiotic Usage on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in the Indian States of Assam and Haryana Using a Mixed-Methods Approach—Outcomes and Challenges

et al. 2021

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The use and misuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals contributes to the global emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, a threat to public health and infection control. Currently, India is the world’s leading milk producer but antibiotic usage within the dairy sector is poorly regulated. Little data exists reflecting how antibiotics are used on dairy farms, especially on small-scale dairy farms in India. To address this lack of data, a study was carried out on 491 small-scale dairy farms in two Indian states, Assam and Haryana, using a mixed method approach where farmers were interviewed, farms inspected for the presence of antibiotics and milk samples taken to determine antibiotic usage. Usage of antibiotics on farms appeared low only 10% (95% CI 8–13%) of farmers surveyed confirmed using antibiotics in their dairy herds during the last 12 months. Of the farms surveyed, only 8% (6–11%) had milk samples positive for antibiotic residues, namely from the novobiocin, macrolides, and sulphonamide classes of antibiotics. Of the farmers surveyed, only 2% (0.8–3%) had heard of the term “withdrawal period” and 53% (40–65%) failed to describe the term “antibiotic”. While this study clearly highlights a lack of understanding of antibiotics among small-scale dairy farmers, a potential factor in the emergence of AMR bacteria, it also shows that antibiotic usage on these farms is low and that the possible role these farmers play in AMR emergence may be overestimated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding Antibiotic Usage on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in the Indian States of Assam and Haryana Using a Mixed-Methods Approach—Outcomes and Challenges

et al. 2021

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“…[ 4 ] Additionally, antibiotic use is rampant in the food, livestock, agriculture, and environment sectors which in turn increase the cumulative AMR burden in the country. [ 5 6 ] In an observational study among 71 countries, it was noticed that there was a 36% raise in overall consumption of antimicrobials between 2000 to 2010 (India, Brazil, China, Russia and South Africa accounted for 76% of consumption)[ 7 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at the community level: An urban and rural case study from Karnataka

Balachandra

Sawant²,

Huilgol³

et al. 2021

J Family Med Prim Care

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Context: The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health crisis in India and globally. While national guidelines exist, the sources of data which form the basis of these guidelines are limited to a few well-established tertiary care centres. There is inadequate literature on AMR and antibiotic mismatch from India at community level and even less literature on AMR patterns from rural India. Aims: The aims of this study were as follows: 1) to describe the patterns of AMR at an urban tertiary care hospital and a rural 100 bedded hospital; 2) to compare and contrast the AMR patterns noted with published ICMR guidelines; 3) to examine the issue of AMR and antibiotic mismatch; and 4) to identify local factors influencing drug-bug mismatch at the local level. Settings and Design: The data were obtained from two independently conceived projects (Site 1: Urban tertiary care hospital, Site 2: Rural 100-bedded hospital). Methods and Materials: Local antibiograms were made, and the antibiotic resistance patterns were compared between the urban and rural sites and with data published in the 2017 ICMR national guideline for AMR. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics including means and medians were used. Results: Our data reveal: a) a significant mismatch between sensitivity patterns and antibiotics prescribed; b) The national guidelines fail to capture the local picture of AMR, highlighting the need for local data; and c) challenges with data collection/retrieval, access and accuracy of diagnostic tools, administrative issues, and lack of local expertise limit antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Conclusions: Our study finds the burden of AMR high in both rural and urban sites, reinforcing that AMR burden cannot be ignored in rural settings. It also highlights that national data obtained from tertiary care settings fail to capture the local picture, highlighting the need for local data. Mechanisms of linking rural practices, primary health centres, and small hospitals with a common microbiology laboratory and shared data platforms will facilitate antibiotic stewardship at the community level.

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“…Despite the important responsibility of food animal producers to reduce antibiotic use in animal agriculture, little or vague understanding exists regarding antibiotics use and antibiotics resistance, and recent regional, national, and international regulations to address the challenges associated with AMR have not been perceived well. As an instance, many food animal producers are either not aware or slightly aware of the VFD statement in the US or other similar national rules in other countries, and some of the farmers are perceived these regulations as not useful [ 49 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 ]. More awareness regarding the VFD or other similar plans in other countries and understanding the impact of AMR are needed among agricultural animal producers.…”

Section: Perception Of Regulations Regarding the Use Of Antimicrobmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotics Use in Food Animal Production: Escalation of Antimicrobial Resistance: Where Are We Now in Combating AMR?

Kasimanickam

2021

Medical Sciences

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The use of antibiotics has been very beneficial to human health, animal wellbeing, and food production, however, there are no alternatives to antimicrobials in treating infectious diseases. Their use can contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance, but the world has realized the need to combat antimicrobial resistance in recent decades due to the continued escalation of the problem jeopardizing human and veterinary medicine and food and environmental safety. Understanding the AMR and judicious use of antimicrobials are critical, and one health approach involving several sectors and multiple disciplines is important to tackle the problem. National, regional, and global action plans have been instigated to tackle the escalation of AMR. Antimicrobials are frequently used in food animal production. Therefore, food animal producers are important participants to prevent overuse and misuse of antimicrobials. Recent regulations to address the challenges have not been perceived well in animal farming communities. More awareness regarding these action plans and understanding the impact of AMR are needed. A nationwide survey of perceptions of food animal producers regarding AMR mitigation approaches should be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the current policies regarding antibiotics use and AMR. These outcomes should be incorporated in future policies and awareness campaigns targeting food animal producers.

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A qualitative study on antibiotic use and animal health management in smallholder dairy farms of four regions of India

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

Understanding Antibiotic Usage on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in the Indian States of Assam and Haryana Using a Mixed-Methods Approach—Outcomes and Challenges

Understanding Antibiotic Usage on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in the Indian States of Assam and Haryana Using a Mixed-Methods Approach—Outcomes and Challenges

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at the community level: An urban and rural case study from Karnataka

Antibiotics Use in Food Animal Production: Escalation of Antimicrobial Resistance: Where Are We Now in Combating AMR?

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