A qualitative study of community-based child protection mechanisms in Aceh, Indonesia

Stark, Lindsay; Bancroft, Carolyn; Cholid, Sofyan; Sustikarini, Amalia; Meliala, Adrianus

doi:10.1080/17450128.2012.663947

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These low disclosure rates may perpetuate and “normalize” the perpetration of sexual violence. A small study from Aceh province with 40 adults and children identified a general reluctance to disclose or to intervene in family violence as “ nafsi ,” which roughly translates as “your business is yours and you have your own solution” (Stark, Bancroft, Cholid, Sustikarini, & Meliala, 2012, p. 233). Children in this study also reported dissatisfaction with social response mechanisms, as well as shame and fear as barriers to disclosure, for any form of violence (Stark et al, 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Sexual Violence in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

Rumble

Febrianto

Larasati

et al. 2018

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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There has been relatively little research into the prevalence of childhood sexual violence (CSV) as well as the risk and protective factors for CSV in low- and middle-income countries including Indonesia. Systematic searches conducted in English and Bahasa Indonesia in this review identified 594 records published between 2006 and 2016 in peer-reviewed journals and other literature including 299 Indonesian records. Fifteen studies, including nine prevalence studies, met the quality appraisal criteria developed for this review. The review found that CSV research is scarce: Only one study included nationally representative prevalence estimates. Varying definitions for CSV, survey methods, and sample characteristics limited the generalizability of the data. The available evidence points to significant risk of sexual violence affecting both girls and boys across many geographical and institutional settings. Married adolescent girls are vulnerable to sexual violence by partners in their homes. Children in schools are vulnerable to CSV by peers and adults. Victims seldom disclose incidents and rarely seek support. In addition, early childhood experiences of trauma were strongly associated with later perpetration of sexual violence and revictimization. Limited information is available about protective factors. This review synthesizes evidence about what is currently known about CSV in Indonesia and identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the existing research. A more robust evidence base regarding CSV is required to better inform policy and justify investment into prevention programs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Sexual Violence in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

Rumble

Febrianto

Larasati

et al. 2018

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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“…Although intimate partner violence may be fairly common in Indonesia, it is often not disclosed for fear of disrupting household harmony (Hakimi et al 2001 ). A study from Indonesia’s Aceh province described this reluctance to disclose or intervene in family violence as nafsi nafsi —roughly translated, ‘your business is yours and you have your own solution’ (Stark et al 2012 ). Violence perpetrated against women and girls is seriously under-reported and may be normalised and rationalised in some communities, including women and girls themselves (Hayati et al 2013 ; Hayati et al 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Contextual Factors in Carrying Out Childhood Violence Surveys: a Case Study from Indonesia

Rumble¹,

Ramly²,

Nuryana

et al. 2017

Child Ind Res

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Nationally representative research into violence against children is necessary to understand the scale and complexity of such violence and to evaluate prevention efforts. To date, however, most countries do not have adequate data. In 2013, the government of Indonesia conducted a national Violence Against Children Survey (VACS). This was a cross-sectional household survey of male and female 13-to-24- year-olds designed to estimate physical, emotional, and sexual violence prevalence. The target was to interview at least 2580 individuals; but response rates were much lower than anticipated (females = 66.6%; males = 56.1%). Insufficient data was available across several variables and there were unexpected anomalies in obtained data. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the survey to understand impediments and to advise future national efforts in Indonesia and other low-to-middle-income contexts. Survey managers and implementers (n = 22) were interviewed online and in person. We also carried out secondary analysis of the child survey data to identify factors possibly associated with (non-)response and assessed field notes from interviewers. Culturally inappropriate timing of data-collection (during Ramadan) may have had a negative impact on household responsiveness and the availability of children at home. Face-toface interviews in households were considered to impede participation and disclosure. Survey field staff and managers expressed the need for deeper training and a more comprehensive pilot. Recommendations to improve privacy and anonymity include the use of self-administered questionnaires and school-based rather than at-home surveys. These and other findings from this case study may be useful in planning future surveys in Indonesia and similar social and cultural contexts.

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“…These low disclosure rates may perpetuate and 'normalize' the perpetration of sexual violence. A small study from Aceh province with 40 adults and children identified a general reluctance to disclose or to intervene in family violence as 'nafsi', which roughly translates as "your business is yours and you have your own solution" (Stark, Bancroft, Cholid, Sustikarini, & Meliala, 2012). Children in this study also reported dissatisfaction with social response mechanisms, as well as shame and fear as barriers to disclosure, for any form of violence (Stark et al, 2012).…”

Section: Other Related Findingsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Although intimate partner violence may be fairly common in Indonesia, it is often not disclosed for fear of disrupting household harmony (Hakimi, Hayati, Marlinawati, Winkvist, & Ellsberg, 2001). A study from Indonesia's Aceh province described this reluctance to disclose or intervene in family violence as nafsi nafsiroughly translated as, "your business is yours and you have your own solution" (Stark et al, 2012). Violence perpetrated against women and girls is seriously under-reported and may be normalised and rationalised in some communities, including by women and girls themselves (Hayati et al, 2014a;Hayati et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Social norms in communities tolerating gender-based violence, including CSV, may inhibit disclosure and prevent reporting, as several studies have identified Fulu, Warner, et al, 2013;Hayati, Emmelin, & Eriksson, 2014aHayati, Högberg, Hakimi, Ellsberg, & Emmelin, 2011). Few child victims ever seek support due to a lack of services; weak functioning of these services; or a 'code of silence' around such crimes in families, communities, and broader societies (Iskander, 2016;Stark et al, 2012;UNDP, 2016).…”

Section: Conceptual Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges to Researching Childhood Sexual Violence in Indonesia

Rumble¹

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KeywordsAdolescent, child, child abuse, child participation, child protection, childhood violence, drivers of violence, South East Asia, epidemiology, Indonesia, risk and protective factors, sexual abuse, sexual violence.ii Challenges to researching childhood sexual violence in Indonesia Abstract Background: Childhood sexual violence (CSV) is a global child rights and public health concern, with severe consequences for children and society. However, little is known about CSV in low-and middle-income countries. Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world and is home to almost 90 million children. To date, there is limited data from this vast country about the nature of CSV, including the prevalence, associated risks, and protective factors. Available data is of mixed quality and inadequate to inform policy. This research has three aims: i) to collect and review available data about CSV in Indonesia; ii) to analyse the lessons learned from existing efforts to research CSV in Indonesia, with specific reference to Indonesia's recent population survey on childhood violence Challenges to researching childhood sexual violence in Indonesia iii Results: The first phase of the research, the systematic literature review, found that the available data provides an inadequate picture of CSV in Indonesia. Prior studies have generally been small in scale and unrepresentative. Previous efforts to collect survey data on childhood violence lack validity or sufficient information to inform response efforts. Prevalence estimates vary widely, depending on the definition and methodology used. Despite the heterogeneity of the studies identified in the review, several patterns emerged. Available research points to a significant, but underreported problem particularly affecting adolescent girls in relationships.Exposure to childhood violence (including harsh parenting and witnessing domestic violence) is strongly associated with re-victimisation and perpetration in adulthood. Few child victims disclose incidents or seek support. There is limited data about risk and protective factors available across the life course, while no data is available about sexual violence in early childhood. The varied quality of the studies included in the review highlight the need for urgent investment in national capacity to conduct qualitative and quantitative research on childhood violence, including sexual violence, in Indonesia to better inform policy and prevention programs, and to justify increased investment into services for child victims (Rumble, Febrianto, et al., 2018).The second phase of the research built upon the systematic review and provides practical insights from the Violence against Children Survey (Kurniasari et al, 2014). It illustrates the importance of contextual factors (such as language, religion, and cultural barriers to disclosure) when designing and carrying out future population based research (Rumble, Ramly, Nuryana,

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A qualitative study of community-based child protection mechanisms in Aceh, Indonesia

Cited by 11 publications

References 3 publications

Childhood Sexual Violence in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

Childhood Sexual Violence in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

The Importance of Contextual Factors in Carrying Out Childhood Violence Surveys: a Case Study from Indonesia

Challenges to Researching Childhood Sexual Violence in Indonesia

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