A Qualitative Stakeholder Analysis of Avian Influenza Policy in Bangladesh

Chattopadhyay, Kaushik; Fournié, Guillaume; Kalam, Md. Abdul; Biswas, Paritosh Kumar; Hoque, Ahasanul; Debnath, Nitish C.; Rahman, Mahmudur; Pfeiffer, Dirk U.; Harper, David R.; Heymann, David L.

doi:10.1007/s10393-017-1285-2

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Private and public sectors were equally important in controlling poultry diseases including AI at country and farm level. These stakeholders could be targeted to inform policy making and develop robust approaches for disease control (35). The study revealed limited coordination between private and public sector stakeholders providing health services.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Value Chain Approach to Characterize the Chicken Sub-sector in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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The chicken industry of Pakistan is a major livestock sub-sector, playing a pivotal role in economic growth and rural development. This study aimed to characterize and map the structure of broiler and layer production systems, associated value chains, and chicken disease management in Pakistan. Qualitative data were collected in 23 key informant interviews and one focus group discussion on the types of production systems, inputs, outputs, value addition, market dynamics, and disease management. Quantitative data on proportions of commodity flows were also obtained. Value chain maps were generated to illustrate stakeholder groups and their linkages, as well as flows of birds and products. Thematic analysis was conducted to explain the functionality of the processes, governance, and disease management. Major chicken production systems were: (1) Environmentally controlled production (97-98%) and (2) Open-sided house production (2-3%). Broiler management systems were classified as (I) Independent broiler production; (II) Partially integrated broiler production; and (III) Fully integrated broiler production, accounting for 65-75, 15-20, and 10-15% of commercial broiler meat supply, respectively. The management systems for layers were classified as (I) Partially integrated layer production and (II) Independent layer production, accounting for 10 and 80-85% in the egg production, respectively. The share of backyard birds for meat and eggs was 10-15%. Independent, and integrated systems for chicken production could be categorized in terms of value chain management, dominance of actors, type of finished product and target customers involved. Integrated systems predominantly targeted high-income customers and used formal infrastructure. Numerous informal chains were identified in independent and some partially integrated systems, with middlemen playing a key role in the distribution of finished birds and eggs. Structural deficiencies in terms of poor farm management, lack of regulations for ensuring good farming practices and price fixing of products were key themes identified. Both private and public stakeholders were found to have essential roles in passive disease surveillance, strategy development and provision of health consultancies. This study provides a foundation for policy-makers and stakeholders to investigate disease transmission, its impact and control and the structural deficiencies identified could inform interventions to improve performance of the poultry sector in Pakistan.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Value Chain Approach to Characterize the Chicken Sub-sector in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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“…However, the average number of reported poultry outbreaks is declining in Bangladesh, that is from 83 and 10 outbreaks in commercial and backyard poultry in 2007–2012, to 2 and 0 respectively, in 2013–2019 (DLS, 2019). Underreporting might be one reason for this decline as compensation policies were discontinued (Chattopadhyay et al., 2018) or because farmers might have accepted the ubiquity of HPAI outbreak occurrence similar to the endemicity of Newcastle Disease in many developing countries (Spradbrow, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Underreporting might be one reason for this decline as compensation policies were discontinued (Chattopadhyay et al, 2018) or because farmers might have accepted the ubiquity of HPAI outbreak occurrence similar to the endemicity of Newcastle Disease in many developing countries (Spradbrow, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

Patterns of Avian Influenza A (H5) and A (H9) virus infection in backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in Bangladesh

Gupta

Hoque

Fournié

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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In order to control Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) H9N2 virus spread in endemically infected countries, a detailed understanding of infection patterns is required. We conducted cross-sectional studies in Bangladesh in 2016 and 2017, on 144 backyard, 106 broiler and 113 layer chicken farms. Although all sampled birds were negative for H5 virus by RT-PCR, H5 antibodies were detected in unvaccinated birds on all three farming systems. Higher H5 antibody prevalence was observed in ducks raised on backyard farms, 14.2% (95% CI: 10.0%-19.8%), compared to in-contact backyard chickens, 4.2% (95% CI: 2.8%-6.1%). The H5 antibody prevalence was lower in broiler chickens, 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9%-2.5%), compared to layer chickens, 7.8% (95% CI: 6.1%-9.8%). H9 viruses were detected by RT-PCR in 0.5% (95% CI: 0.2%-1.3%) and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.3%-1.5%) of broilers and layers, respectively, and in 0.2% (95% CI: 0.0%-1.2%) of backyard chickens. Backyard chickens and ducks showed similar H9 antibody prevalence, 16.0% (95% CI: 13.2%-19.2%) and 15.7% (95% CI: 11.3%-21.4%), which was higher compared to layers, 5.8% (95% CI: 4.3%-7.6%), and broilers, 1.5% (95% CI: 0.9%-2.5%). Over the course of a production cycle, H5 and H9 antibody prevalence increased with the age of backyard and layer chickens. Usually, multiple ducks within a flock were H5 antibody positive, in contrast to backyard chickens, broilers and layers where only individual birds within flocks developed H5 antibodies. Our findings highlight low virus circulation in healthy chickens of all production systems in Bangladesh, which is in contrast to high virus circulation reported from live bird markets. Data generated in this project can be used to adopt risk-based surveillance approaches in different chicken production systems in Bangladesh and to inform mathematical models exploring HPAI infection dynamics in poultry from the source of production.

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“…This will enable and encourage ongoing multi-sectoral collaboration among animal health, human health and environmental health experts to be strengthened towards ensuring that the health benefits for all species would be considered. These would help to prevent and control the spread of poultry origin zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh (Chattopadhyay et al, 2018). These findings place an emphasis on public-private partnership towards the sustainable control of the disease, and the gradual phasing out of LPMs would then be recognized as a long-term goal.…”

Section: Likelihood Of Unexpected Impacts In Relation To Livelihoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qualitative risk assessment of transmission pathways of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus at live poultry markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Islam

Akwar²,

Hossain

et al. 2020

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Analysis of environmental samples obtained from the Live Poultry Markets (LPMs) of Dhaka City, Bangladesh, has revealed that the highest degree of prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI, H5N1), besides other subtypes of the LPAI virus, poses the plausible risk of transmission of these viruses between human and poultry species. The present study was conducted using the OIE risk analysis framework to assess the risk level of each pathway successively. The estimated risk parameters were integrated towards to obtain the overall risk level for each specific HPAI transmission pathway using the matrix adapted by Cristobel Zepeda accompanying other expert consultations. The relevant data obtained from published and unpublished sources, together with survey data of field observations, were used to formulate and confirm the risk pathways and their associated risks. The results revealed that the risk of the release of the HPAI virus was medium when exposure was high. Additionally, the consequence would be considered very high with a medium degree of uncertainty for all parameters. Ultimately, the overall risk for transmission was estimated as medium with a medium degree of uncertainty. The findings of this study reveal that there is a significant threat that HPAI virus transmission could occur among poultry and humans and effectively sustain within the environment of the LPMs. Our findings are primarily focused on public health considerations, the hygienic slaughter of poultry and the relevant cleaning and sanitation practices conducted in the LPMs to support evidence‐based decision‐making processes. The findings of the study have the potential to be used to formulate effective risk reduction measures and can be further adapted in low‐resource settings without major infrastructural changes required of the LPMs. All of which would reduce the risk of HPAI virus release and further lessen the degree of exposure and transmission in established LPMs.

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A Qualitative Stakeholder Analysis of Avian Influenza Policy in Bangladesh

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

A Value Chain Approach to Characterize the Chicken Sub-sector in Pakistan

A Value Chain Approach to Characterize the Chicken Sub-sector in Pakistan

Patterns of Avian Influenza A (H5) and A (H9) virus infection in backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in Bangladesh

Qualitative risk assessment of transmission pathways of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus at live poultry markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

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