A qualitative exploration of the non-prescription sale of drugs and incidence of adverse events in community pharmacy settings in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Khan, Tahir Mehmood; Ibrahim, Yasir Ahmed

doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2012-000161

Cited by 18 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The availability and efficacy of OTC paracetamol not only makes it the most popular OTC analgesic, but also makes it frequently associated with risk of misuse or overuse, which may put forth the serious safety concerns. Ibuprofen and diclofenac were the second most frequently used OTC analgesics, which was similar to the findings of Saeed et al 15 and Khan et al; 16 however, both the authors investigated self-prescription and self-medication of all type of medicine and not only analgesics. In Netherlands, the prevalence of the use of NSAIDs was estimated to be 30% in the general population and 13% in individuals with high risk of NSAIDs adverse effects, 13 which is considered to be high with regards of the related risks.…”

Section: Pattern and Knowledge Of Otc Analgesic Usage By Gender Educsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Prevalence and Determinants of Over-the-Counter Analgesics Usage among Patients attending Primary Health Care Centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Babakor¹,

Ghamdi²

2018

JYP

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Objective: To estimate the prevalence and describe the pattern of OTC use among patients attending primary healthcare (PHC) centers, and to assess their knowledge and attitude regarding the related side effects. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 400 adult patients attending the General Medicine clinic in 10 selected PHC centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The data collected included socioeconomic parameters, practice and pattern of OTC analgesics use in past 6 months, knowledge and attitude about OTC analgesics, and safety assessment. Results: Results showed that 84.4% of the participants were using OTC analgesics, at least twice per week in 59.3% of the cases, and for <1 week duration in 65.8%. The prevalence of use was highest among illiterate and highly educated participants (p=0.000), and those with moderate income (p=0.011). Acetaminophen (paracetamol) was the most frequently used drug (86.1%), followed by ibuprofen (25.1%) and diclofenac (14.7%); and headache (71.1%), arthralgia (17.7%) and toothache (17.4%) were the most common conditions leading to usage. A simple health problem (64.0%), previous experience with the drug (35.1%) and lack of time (12.1%) were the most common reasons for OTC analgesics use. Among all, 58.1% admitted having no knowledge about OTC analgesic side effects; while 7.1% reported having experienced side effects. Conclusion: There is an alarming prevalence of OTC analgesics use among patients, with inadequate levels of awareness about the associated risks. Awareness and knowledge of users should be further investigated to determine the need for information for this specific or a larger population.Key words: Analgesics, Auto medication, Non-steroid anti-inflammatory, Over-the-counter, Painkiller, Paracetamol. Key MessageThere is high prevalence of OTC analgesics usage combined with low levels of awareness and knowledge about the related hazards; which exposes to misusage that may carry accidents and severe side effects especially among the high-risk populations. The lack of awareness and knowledge highlights the need for targeted information.

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Section: Pattern and Knowledge Of Otc Analgesic Usage By Gender Educsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…15 and Khan et al who demonstrated that paracetamol is the most requested drug among non-prescribed ones. 16 In Norway, paracetamol is similarly the most frequently used OTC analgesic. 12 All these findings correlate with the results from the current study.…”

Section: Pattern and Knowledge Of Otc Analgesic Usage By Gender Educmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Determinants of Over-the-Counter Analgesics Usage among Patients attending Primary Health Care Centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Babakor¹,

Ghamdi²

2018

JYP

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“…Majority of studies were questionnaire‐based surveys . Five studies used simulated patient methodology, while two studies used face to face interview and questionnaire‐based survey as their evaluation method . The remaining two studies used both questionnaire‐based survey and simulated patient methodology .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community pharmacist's knowledge, attitude, roles and practices towards patient-centred care in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review of the literature

Rasheed

Hasan

Babar

2018

Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research

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Objectives This study aimed to evaluate published original studies in Saudi Arabia about knowledge, attitude, roles and practices of community pharmacists in providing patient‐centred care services. Methods Systematic searching of original studies published between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017 using electronic databases: PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, TRiP database, Springer Link and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they outlined community pharmacist's knowledge, role, attitude and professional practice behaviours towards patient‐centred care provided by pharmacists alone or in collaboration with other healthcare professional (s). The studies were identified, and data were extracted independently by two reviewers. The modified Newcastle‐Ottawa scale for cross‐sectional studies was used to assess the quality of each study. Key findings Twenty‐four original studies conducted in Saudi Arabia were included. Majority of studies were questionnaire‐based surveys (62.5%). One quarter of the studies investigated knowledge, roles and attitude of community pharmacists about irrational dispensing and prescribing of antibiotics and prescription only medicines. Included studies highlighted numerous gaps in knowledge, attitude, roles and practices of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia in providing efficient patient‐centred care services. Lack of knowledge and time, absence of pharmacy information database, deficiency of continued professional development training, unavailability of adverse drug reaction reporting forms and professional and cultural issues were some of the barriers in providing patient‐centred care. Conclusions The studies showed that although community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia do provide medicine counselling and other patient‐centred care services; however, these services need substantial improvement. This review may be useful for policy makers, regulators, pharmacy educators and researchers in understanding the work being performed in the community pharmacy setting in Saudi Arabia.

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“…Within this context, the field of pharmacy practice research is huge. [38][39][40][41][42] Given that approaches and research methods are diverse and that all methods have their own strength and weaknesses, employing mixed methodology approach may be feasible and more effective in giving a complete analysis of the issues in pharmacy practice research. Depending on the researcher's motivations, each of these methodologies can be exploited and combined to give a broader perspective of a particular research question.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scope of Mix-method studies in Pharmacy Practice Research

Saleem

Farooqui

Khan³

2015

IJPER

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Conducting pharmacy practice research is particularly challenging owing to the varied approaches and methods available. While quantitative methodology has been traditionally endorsed as the more scientific method of research, there is a growing recognition for qualitative inquiry in the field of pharmacy practice research in the past few decades. Hence, the scope of this paper is to provide an overview on how to apply mixed methodology in pharmacy practice research and to discuss some of the benefits and challenges in employing mixed method. A review of the recent qualitative research done in developing countries was done. A data base search in PubMed® and an open Google® open search were done to identify the mix methods research done in pharmacy practice. Articles identified were included and their findings were described in the results section. It is seen that combining both qualitative and quantitative methodologies can provide a more complete analysis when exploring complex research questions related to pharmacy practice. Although quantitative and qualitative methods are different, one approach is not superior to the other; both have recognized strengths and weaknesses. Using mix methods create relevant and distinctive modes of enquiry in research and help the unification rather than the division of research patterns. Within this context, the field of pharmacy practice research is huge. Mix methods are meant to enrich research in pharmacy practice.

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A qualitative exploration of the non-prescription sale of drugs and incidence of adverse events in community pharmacy settings in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

Prevalence and Determinants of Over-the-Counter Analgesics Usage among Patients attending Primary Health Care Centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Prevalence and Determinants of Over-the-Counter Analgesics Usage among Patients attending Primary Health Care Centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Community pharmacist's knowledge, attitude, roles and practices towards patient-centred care in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review of the literature

Scope of Mix-method studies in Pharmacy Practice Research

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