A Qualitative Analysis of Tickling: Its Relation to Cutaneous and Organic Sensation

Murray, Elsie

doi:10.2307/1413194

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…With regard to the first question, Murray (21) reported that her subjects found that itch differed from tickle only in being "more persistent, painful and intolerable." Torok (22), on the other hand, asked patients with pruritus to compare their spontaneous itching with the sensation elicited by drawing a wisp of cotton across the skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Mechanisms Involved in Itch, “Itchy Skin,” and Tickle Sensations

Graham¹,

Goodell²,

Wolff³

1951

J. Clin. Invest.

109

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Available evidence suggests that the sensation of itching is closely related to that of pain (1). Titchener (2) observed that when the skin was explored with a fine hair, well-defined points were found which gave rise to itching when the intensity of stimulation was low, and to pain on stronger stimulation. Bishop (3) found that itching resulted from repetitive low intensity electrical stimulation of pain spots in the skin. Lewis, Grant and Marvin (4) pointed out that noxious stimuli, if their intensity be decreased, can be made to produce itching instead of pain. Forster (5) and Bickford (6) reported that in patients who had undergone section of the lateral spinothalamic tracts, thus abolishing perception of cutaneous pain but not of touch, itch was also abolished. Bickford also observed this combination of sensory changes in two patients with syringomyelia. Ehrenwald and K6nigstein (7), however, stated that they had found two cases of syringomyelia with loss of pain but preservation of touch and itch, and one in which pain was intact but touch and itch absent. McMurray (8) and Kunkle and Chapman (9) found that individuals who were constitutionally insensitive to pain were likewise insensitive to itching, but they experienced touch sensation. Bickford observed that itching and pain disappeared at the same time when a cutaneous nerve was anesthetized. Hardy, Wolff and Goodell (10) observed that in addition to feelings of warmth, occasional itching resulted from sustained thermal irradiation at an intensity not quite strong enough to induce pain. Th6le (11) found during spinal anaesthesia, as the sensitivity of the skin to painful stimuli decreased, that stimuli which initially induced pain later induced itching and finally no sensation at all.In the present investigation many of the experiments described by Goldscheider (12), Bickford, and Lewis and associates have been repeated. Additional experiments were designed to illumi-37 nate further the neural mechanisms involved in itch, "itchy skin" and tickle sensation. ITCH Subjects and methodsThe subjects were healthy adults, chiefly the authors, although other individuals participated from time to time. Itching was elicited by the application of cowhage to an area of sldn approximately 1 cm. in diameter. Cowhage is the familiar "itch powder," consisting of the fine fibers or spicules of the plant Mucuna pruriens. It was found by trial that the itch so produced was indistinguishable from that following the bites of mosquitoes, or the intracutaneous injection of histamine. When an area of sldn on the arm, hand, leg or back was used for experimental procedures the corresponding areas on the opposite side of the body served as control.Description of sensation induced following application of cowhage to the skin Cowhage applied to an area of skin approximately 1 cm. in diameter induced, usually within 10-20 seconds, an intense itching sensation which had both burning and pricking qualities. It was localized but seemed to spread for a few millimeters beyond the borders...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Mechanisms Involved in Itch, “Itchy Skin,” and Tickle Sensations

Graham¹,

Goodell²,

Wolff³

1951

J. Clin. Invest.

109

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“…1 Early perceptual theorists placed different emphases on analytical or synthetic approaches to the data. The effort to isolate and analyze elements of perceptual experience led to studies like "On the production of an artificial hiss" (Titchener, 1914), and "A qualitative analysis of tickling: its relation to cutaneous and organic sensation" (Murray, 1908). G.T.…”

Section: Vision and Visual Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Empiricism assigned the explanation for visual perception to learned interactions between the perceiver and the environment. 1 Workers in the empiricist tradition tried to develop an analytical understanding of perception, which led to studies like "On the Production of an Artificial Hiss" (Titchener, 1914), and "A Qualitative Analysis of Tickling: Its Relation to Cutaneous and Organic Sensation" (Murray, 1908). Modern psychophysics and psychometrics (e.g., Stevens, 1975) derive from Fechner's (1860Fechner's ( /1966) systematic efforts to measure subjective experiences like brightness and to find the functions that related subjective experience to measurements in the physical world.…”

Section: Visual Perception Circa 1900mentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual complexity: A review.

Donderi

2006

Psychological Bulletin

231

201

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The idea of visual complexity, the history of its measurement, and its implications for behavior are reviewed, starting with structuralism and Gestalt psychology at the beginning of the 20th century and ending with visual complexity theory, perceptual learning theory, and neural circuit theory at the beginning of the 21st. Evidence is drawn from research on single forms, form and texture arrays and visual displays. Form complexity and form probability are shown to be linked through their reciprocal relationship in complexity theory, which is in turn shown to be consistent with recent developments in perceptual learning and neural circuit theory. Directions for further research are suggested.

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“…PAIN Despite the lack of much positive evidence, it is probably true that more time is required to arouse pain than to arouse indifferent pressure or contact experiences. Murray (39,40) found this to be true, and Titchener (55, p. 152) states it as a fact. Adrian's records (2) show that a high frequency of impulses alone is not accompanied by painful experience but that the increased frequency must also be of greater duration, that is, the difference in the record between a (presumably) contact experience and a (presumably) painful experience is noticeably a difference in the duration of the increased frequency of impulses, the painful experience being of longer duration.…”

Section: Sensitivity To Temperature Differencesmentioning

confidence: 97%

The sense of feeling.

Nafe¹

The Foundations of Experimental Psychology.

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The sense of feeling includes all those psychological experiences that are "felt" in the common meaning of that word and its study must include:(1) a description of the observable psychological phenomena, (2) a description of the neurological conditions under which such experiences occur, and (3) a description of the environmental (stimulus) conditions involved. We refer to the first of the above divisions of the subject as the "psychology" of feeling and to the second and third as the "theory" of feeling because psychologists "explain" by relating psychological experience with its neurological and environmental conditions.The organ of this sense comprises practically the whole body, the afferent fibers being so distributed that the periphery of the body contains a mesh of fibers finely woven and many strands thick. The interior of the body also, in all its parts, is richly supplied. The receptors and nerve-endings are scattered unevenly but in great numbers throughout the body. They include all the receptors in the body except those of the special senses of vision, audition, olfaction, and gustation, and, perhaps, also those of the non-acoustic labyrinths concerned with equilibrium, etc.The stimulating objects or conditions for feeling may be, as is often stated, mechanical, chemical, thermal, or electrical, but the action of such stimuli is not to be considered as immediate. Their occurrences are accompanied by corresponding changes in the conditions within the tissues

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A Qualitative Analysis of Tickling: Its Relation to Cutaneous and Organic Sensation

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Neural Mechanisms Involved in Itch, “Itchy Skin,” and Tickle Sensations

Neural Mechanisms Involved in Itch, “Itchy Skin,” and Tickle Sensations

Visual complexity: A review.

The sense of feeling.

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