A putative 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase is involved in the virulence, carbohydrate metabolism, biofilm formation, twitching halo, and osmotic tolerance in Acidovorax citrulli

Abstract

Acidovorax citrulli (Ac) is a gram-negative bacterium that causes bacterial fruit blotch (BFB) disease in cucurbit crops including watermelon. However, despite the great economic losses caused by this disease worldwide, Ac-resistant watermelon cultivars have not been developed. Therefore, characterizing the virulence factors/mechanisms of Ac would enable the development of effective control strategies against BFB disease. The 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase (BdpM) is known to participate in the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. However, the roles of the protein have not been characterized in Ac. To elucidate the functions of BdpmAc (Bdpm in Ac), comparative proteomic analysis and diverse phenotypic assays were conducted using a bdpmAc knockout mutant (bdpmAc:Tn) and a wild-type strain. The virulence of the mutant to watermelon was remarkably reduced in both germinated seed inoculation and leaf infiltration assays. Moreover, the mutant could not grow with fructose or pyruvate as a sole carbon source. However, the growth of the mutant was restored to levels similar to those of the wild-type strain in the presence of both fructose and pyruvate. Comparative proteomic analyses revealed that diverse proteins involved in motility and wall/membrane/envelop biogenesis were differentially abundant. Furthermore, the mutant exhibited decreased biofilm formation and twitching halo size. Interestingly, the mutant exhibited a higher tolerance against osmotic stress. Overall, our findings suggest that BdpmAc affects the virulence, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, biofilm formation, twitching halo size, and osmotic tolerance of Ac, suggesting that this protein has pleiotropic properties. Collectively, our findings provide fundamental insights into the functions of a previously uncharacterized phosphoglycerate mutase in Ac.

Transcriptomic investigation unveils the role of energy metabolism under low phosphorus and salt combined stress in soybean (Glycine max)

“…(A-H) Genes from the blue module. (Fernie et al, 2004), and is a critical component for boosting energy production, fostering biofilm formation, preserving cellular function, and bolstering osmotic tolerance (Duminil et al, 2011;Lee et al, 2022;Zhao & Assmann, 2011). FCS-Like Zinc finger 8 has been shown to robustly activate the NF1-related kinase (SnRK1) signaling pathway (Jamsheer et al, 2022).…”

“…Within this module, we identified four hub genes related to energy metabolism: one 2,3‐bisphosphoglycerate‐dependent phosphoglycerate mutase 1 ( GLYMA_13G087800 ), one FCS‐Like Zinc finger 8 ( GLYMA_20G146900 ), one auxin response factor 18 isoform X2 ( GLYMA_03G258300 ) and one NADP‐dependent malic enzyme ( GLYMA_01G008500 ). The 2, 3‐Bisphosphoglycerate ‐dependent phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (dPGAM) plays a pivotal role in glycolysis, which furnishes the requisite substrate for ATP production (Fernie et al, 2004), and is a critical component for boosting energy production, fostering biofilm formation, preserving cellular function, and bolstering osmotic tolerance (Duminil et al, 2011; Lee et al, 2022; Zhao & Assmann, 2011). FCS‐Like Zinc finger 8 has been shown to robustly activate the NF1‐related kinase (SnRK1) signaling pathway (Jamsheer et al, 2022).…”

Proteomic and Phenotypic Analyses of a Putative YggS Family Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Enzyme in Acidovorax citrulli

“…As previously published, the patho- genicity test incorporated two methods (germinated seed inoculation and leaf infiltration) ( Lee et al, 2022 ). For germinated seed inoculation, the TSA - grown Ac strain was suspended in 10 mM MgCl 2 , adjusted to 0.3 at O.D.…”

“…Three biological re- plicates from Ac and AcΔyppAc were used for comparative analysis. Sample harvest, protein/peptide preparation, and quantification followed a previously reported protocol ( Lee et al, 2022 ). Briefly, bacterial cells were harvested at 0.6 at O.D.…”

Protocatechuic acid induces endogenous oxidative stress in CR-hvKP by regulating the EMP-PPP pathway

“…This is a compensatory mechanism of bacteria. Although the gene expression level of BPGM in Klebsiella pneumoniae is relatively low and only induced when the pathway is abnormal, it can alleviate the toxic effects caused by the excessive accumulation of G3P [60][61]. However, when BPGM is also inhibited by PCA, the concentration of G3P will continue to rise because it cannot be effectively utilized or cleared.…”