A Pure Salience Response in Posterior Parietal Cortex

Arcizet, Fabrice; Mirpour, Koorosh; Bisley, James W.

doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr035

Cited by 81 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…For example, V4 neurons signal the presence of an oddball too late (∼85-100 ms poststimulus) to be the source of the saliency representation observed in SCs (∼65 ms poststimulus) (10). Similarly, estimates of a pure saliency response in LIP emerge too late (∼70-75 ms poststimulus onset) (13) to be the source of the saliency representation in SCs, other than the fact that LIP does not project to SCs (24,25). It is also worth mentioning that the timing of the V1 saliency representation in our study is very similar to the timing of V1 figure-ground modulation (40,41), both of which indicate a modulation that only occurs well after the initial transient visual response.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1A, yellow), which is thought to be the core determinant of attention and gaze (4,5). To date, most studies have reported evidence of saliency and/or priority maps in a distributed network of cortical brain areas [e.g., primary visual cortex (V1) (6)(7)(8)(9), visual area 4 (V4) (10), lateral intraparietal area (LIP) (11)(12)(13), and frontal eye fields (14,15)]. However, there is mounting evidence for a subcortical saliency mechanism in the premammalian optic tectum (16)(17)(18) or superior colliculus (SC) in primates (Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Superior colliculus encodes visual saliency before the primary visual cortex

White

Kan

Lévy

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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Models of visual attention postulate the existence of a bottom-up saliency map that is formed early in the visual processing stream. Although studies have reported evidence of a saliency map in various cortical brain areas, determining the contribution of phylogenetically older pathways is crucial to understanding its origin. Here, we compared saliency coding from neurons in two early gateways into the visual system: the primary visual cortex (V1) and the evolutionarily older superior colliculus (SC). We found that, while the response latency to visual stimulus onset was earlier for V1 neurons than superior colliculus superficial visual-layer neurons (SCs), the saliency representation emerged earlier in SCs than in V1. Because the dominant input to the SCs arises from V1, these relative timings are consistent with the hypothesis that SCs neurons pool the inputs from multiple V1 neurons to form a feature-agnostic saliency map, which may then be relayed to other brain areas.M ost theories and computational models of saliency postulate that visual input is transformed into a topographic representation of visual conspicuity (Fig. 1A, red), whereby certain stimuli stand out from others based on low-level features of the input image (Fig. 1A, blue) (1-3). The concept of a priority map describes a combined representation of visual saliency and behavioral relevancy (Fig. 1A, yellow), which is thought to be the core determinant of attention and gaze (4, 5). To date, most studies have reported evidence of saliency and/or priority maps in a distributed network of cortical brain areas [e.g., primary visual cortex (V1) (6-9), visual area 4 (V4) (10), lateral intraparietal area (LIP) (11-13), and frontal eye fields (14, 15)]. However, there is mounting evidence for a subcortical saliency mechanism in the premammalian optic tectum (16-18) or superior colliculus (SC) in primates (Fig. 1B). The primate SC, which has received a lot of attention for its role as an oculomotor hub, might be considered an unlikely candidate for a visual salience map, but there is a rich history of research on visual attention in the SC (a recent review is in ref. 19), which has broadened our perspective of its role in processes previously thought to be the domain of neocortex.The SC (Fig. 1B) is multilayered but is often described as having two dominant functional layers, a superior colliculus superficial layer (SCs) associated exclusively with visual processing and a superior colliculus multisensory-cognitive-motor intermediate layer (SCi) linked to the control of attention and gaze (19)(20)(21)(22). Because SCs is interconnected with multiple visual areas (23-25), it is in an ideal location to pool diverse visual inputs to form a feature-agnostic saliency representation. Recently (26), it has been shown that the activity of SCs neurons, with dominant inputs that arise from the retina and V1 (Fig. 1B) (24, 25), is well-predicted by a computational saliency model that has been validated on the free viewing behavior of humans (27) and nonhuman prima...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Superior colliculus encodes visual saliency before the primary visual cortex

White

Kan

Lévy

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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“…The findings in this study show correlation of responding speed in both frontal and parietal regions, i.e., intensive modulation is associated with faster behavior. Recent evidences show earlier and more dominant neural association in parietal in such exogenous processing comparing with frontal area [19], [20]. Future studies will explore the causal influence between different frontal and parietal regions to find the information flows that are correlated with the reaction time, given the advantage of high temporal resolution of EEG data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…after 400 ms). A decrease in the beta power (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) is also clear in these two electrodes, appearing at about 300 ms, continuing during lane change behavior. In addition, a late increase at about 500 ms can be observed in the low frequency (1-4 Hz) activity in FCz.…”

Section: Power Spectral Densitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Brain Correlates of Lane Changing Reaction Time in Simulated Driving

Zhang

Chavarriaga

Gheorghe

et al. 2015

2015 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics

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Abstract-Psychophysical studies have reported correlation between neural activity in frontal and parietal areas and subject's reaction time in simple tasks. Here we study whether similar correlates can also be identified in driver's electroencephalography (EEG) activity when they perform steering actions triggered by exogenous stimuli (e.g. obstacles along the road). We report analysis of the EEG signals of fifteen subjects while they drive in a realistic car simulator. We found that the peak latency of the event-related potentials in frontal and parietal areas significantly correlates with the onset of the steering behavior. Similarly, modulations of the power in the theta band (4-8 Hz) prior to the action also correlates with the reaction times. These results provide evidence of reliable neural markers of the driver's response variability.

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“…Previous single cell studies in non-human primates have suggested that single neurons in area LIP of the parietal lobe are modulated by bottom-up as well as top-down attention (Buschman and Miller, 2007;Arcizet et al, 2011), and that they are sensitive to signals such as probability of reward (Sugrue et al, 2004). It has been proposed that the parietal cortex possesses a saliency map of visual space for target selection (Koch and Ullman, 1985;Gottlieb et al, 1998;Itti and Koch, 2000;Treue, 2003).…”

Section: Scaling Of Erfs Following Stimulus Rankmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attentional Modulation of Neuromagnetic Evoked Responses in Early Human Visual Cortex and Parietal Lobe following a Rank-Order Rule

Lennert

Cipriani²,

Jolicœur³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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Top-down voluntary attention modulates the amplitude of magnetic evoked fields in the human visual cortex. Whether such modulation is flexible enough to adapt to the demands of complex tasks in which abstract rules must be applied to select a target in the presence of distracters remains unclear. We recorded brain neuromagnetic activity using whole-head magnetoencephalography in 14 human subjects during a rule-guided target selection task, and applied event-related Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry to image instantaneous changes in neuromagnetic source activity throughout the brain. During the task subjects selected one of two stimuli (the target) and ignored the other (the distracter) based on a color-rank rule (color 1 Ͼ color 2 Ͼ color 3). Our results revealed that in early visual color-sensitive areas and the parietal cortex visual stimuli evoke activity that scaled following the rank-order rule. This effect was stronger and occurred later in the parietal lobe (ϳ200 ms after target/distracter onset) relative to early visual areas (ϳ180 ms). Moreover, we found that transient changes in the target's motion direction evoked stronger responses relative to similar changes in the distracter at ϳ180 ms from change onset in contralateral areas hMTϩ/V5. These results suggest that during target selection and allocation of attention to a stimulus, top-down signals adjust their intensity following complex selection rules according to the organism's priorities, thereby differentially modulating neuromagnetic activity across visual cortical areas.

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A Pure Salience Response in Posterior Parietal Cortex

Cited by 81 publications

References 56 publications

Superior colliculus encodes visual saliency before the primary visual cortex

Superior colliculus encodes visual saliency before the primary visual cortex

Brain Correlates of Lane Changing Reaction Time in Simulated Driving

Attentional Modulation of Neuromagnetic Evoked Responses in Early Human Visual Cortex and Parietal Lobe following a Rank-Order Rule

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