A Pulse Voltage Application in Electrochemical Reduction of Solid CaWO₄ Powder

Abstract

Scheelite is the most abundant mineral of tungsten, but wolframite is used more than scheelite due to easier dissolution in alkaline solutions used in present processing methods. An alternative method based on electrochemical reduction of CaWO4 by direct current applications in molten salt solutions was recently reported. Pulse voltage and constant voltage reduction mechanisms were compared and an optimization of reduction kinetics was achieved in this study. The results have shown that faster reduction rates could be achieved during pulse voltage applications compared to constant voltage applications, when average value of pulse voltage application was the same as its constant counterpart. Furthermore, analysis of charge, energy and theoretical reduction graphs showed that reduction of calcium tungstate occurs at higher potential differences than 2.2 V, between calcium tungstate and graphite.

Examination of the perception of the legal meaning and the consequences of crime among children and the socio-cultural factors influencing these perceptions with respect to criminal responsibility.

“…Çünkü SES yükseldikçe, "Sen benim kim olduğumu biliyor musun?" sorusu okulda öğretmene, aileler tarafından ise polise daha çok sorulur (59). Alt ve orta SES mensupları hakaret suçunun çok daha olumsuz sonuçlarıyla karşılaşıyorken, üst SES çocuklarının karşılaşmıyor olmaları, Arel Koleji'nin bu suçu hafifleten muhakemesinin sebebi olabilir.…”

Effects of Pulse Electroplating Parameters on Return Loss (S11) and Surface Roughness of Silver Coatings

“…In addition to alloys, electrodeposition of single metals can also be performed by this technique. There are many application areas of pulse techniques like anodizing, amorphous alloys, semiconductor and composite plating [3,4,5,6]. DC plating is the mainly applied and known form of electrodeposition.…”