2022
DOI: 10.1177/24705470221145126
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A Psychometric Investigation of Racial Trauma Symptoms Using a Semi-Structured Clinical Interview With a Trauma Checklist (UnRESTS)

Abstract: The term racial trauma is used to describe the cumulative distressing and traumatizing effects of racism in all of its forms, and it closely resembles the construct of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This investigation aims to increase our understanding of racial trauma by comparing the characteristics of those with a clinically-relevant diagnosis of racial trauma to those without, based on the findings of a clinical semi-structured interview and symptom checklist for assessing racial trauma, the Univers… Show more

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Cited by 10 publications
(6 citation statements)
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References 36 publications
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“…We recommend that the description of risky behaviors within item #21 be excluded from future versions of the OBTSI due to its stigmatizing nature, which may be doubly so in cases of marginalized participants, leading to low endorsement of this item. It is worthy of note that similar issues were noted in Grau et al (2019) study on the PCL-5, and more recently in Williams and Zare’s (2022) study on the UnRESTS. Future research might include cognitive interviews to better understand how participants interpret the item and to elicit feedback on how the item might be reworded and subsequent empirical testing of whether editing the item in this manner improves the psychometric properties of the item in relation to the rest of the scale.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 72%
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“…We recommend that the description of risky behaviors within item #21 be excluded from future versions of the OBTSI due to its stigmatizing nature, which may be doubly so in cases of marginalized participants, leading to low endorsement of this item. It is worthy of note that similar issues were noted in Grau et al (2019) study on the PCL-5, and more recently in Williams and Zare’s (2022) study on the UnRESTS. Future research might include cognitive interviews to better understand how participants interpret the item and to elicit feedback on how the item might be reworded and subsequent empirical testing of whether editing the item in this manner improves the psychometric properties of the item in relation to the rest of the scale.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 72%
“…Factor 3, having negative feelings about others and viewing the world as dangerous, is similar to the RBTSSS’s Hypervigilance factor and the UnREST’s Negative Feelings About Others factor. Finally, the current study’s Factor 4 resembles the Low Self-Esteem factor of the RBTSSS ( Carter et al, 2013 ) and the Self Loathing factor of the UnRESTS ( Williams and Zare, 2022 ). It should be noted, however, that the current study included experiences that were not only linked to racial oppression, but included other identity-based oppression experiences and therefore may not perfectly replicate other studies that only assess race-based experiences.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…The Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) from the DSM (Aggarwal & Lewis-Fernández, 2020;American Psychiatric Association, 2013) is a semi-structured interview that inquires about the different culturally salient factors implicit in participants' understanding of their world and the ways in which they experience and cope with their symptoms. The UConn Racial Ethnic Stress and Trauma Survey (UnRESTS; Williams, Metzger et al, 2018;Williams & Zare, 2022) is another version of a culturally attuned diagnostic interview for PTSD that adapts criteria from the CAPS-5 (Weathers et al, 2013) into a format that also assesses for experiences and effects of racial trauma.…”
Section: Culturally Attuned Instrumentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Currently scales measuring psychological symptoms of race-based trauma (depressive, anger, anxious, self-esteem, somatic; Pieterse et al, 2023), psychological symptoms stemming from racial discrimination (psychological distress, alienation, safety concerns, hypervigilance; M. T. Williams et al, 2018), PTSD-oriented symptoms pertaining to race-based trauma (negative emotions, disconnectedness, restlessness, self-loathing, distress, flashbacks; M. Williams & Zare, 2022), coping with racism (action-oriented, spiritual, anger regulation, bargaining, hypervigilance, confrontation-oriented strategies; Forsyth & Carter, 2014), and historical trauma (negative affect and resentment, concern for group integrity, in-group identification, and perception of discrimination; W.…”
Section: Scales That Measure Black Race-based Traumamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition to beliefs about structural factors, of particular relevance to this area of study are those scales which measure the psychological consequences, coping responses, and other constructs that serve as risk and protective factors. Currently scales measuring psychological symptoms of race-based trauma (depressive, anger, anxious, self-esteem, somatic; Pieterse et al, 2023), psychological symptoms stemming from racial discrimination (psychological distress, alienation, safety concerns, hypervigilance; M. T. , PTSD-oriented symptoms pertaining to race-based trauma (negative emotions, disconnectedness, restlessness, self-loathing, distress, flashbacks; M. Williams & Zare, 2022), coping with racism (action-oriented, spiritual, anger regulation, bargaining, hypervigilance, confrontation-oriented strategies ;Forsyth & Carter, 2014), and historical trauma (negative affect and resentment, concern for group integrity, in-group identification, and perception of discrimination; W. K. N. Williams & Mills, 2018) have been published in peer-reviewed journals. The index of race-related stress has desirable psychometric properties and purports to measure structural, individual, and cultural racism (Utsey, 1999).…”
Section: Scales That Measure Black Race-based Traumamentioning
confidence: 99%