A Prospective Study on Employment Outcome 3 Years After Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Grauwmeijer, Erik; Heijenbrok‐Kal, Majanka H.; Haitsma, Ian; Ribbers, Gerard M.

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.01.018

Cited by 94 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Complaints present at 1-year examination usually persist until 3-year examinations and some authors postulate permanence [7,91]. Other long term studies indicate an improvement as employment rates increase during the post-3-year interval [88].…”

Section: Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While most investigations analysing "outcome" as key parameter have examined patients after TBI between one and three years [7,27,57,69,89], only few studies have investigated long-term outcome [7,20,21,30,90,91]. Interestingly, these studies focused severe TBI almost exclusively.…”

Section: Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In multiple traumatized patients, head injuries are evaluated as the most frequent injury, followed by lower and upper extremity trauma [5]. Examining current data, two major gender-and age-related incidences of TBI can be found: one occurs in the late teens to twenties [6] commonly due to motor vehicle accidents [4] with males being three times as often affected compared to females [7]. The second major incidence occurs in the geriatric population caused by falls due to geriatric co-morbidities [6].…”

Section: Traumatic Brain Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While somatic complaints may result in impaired skill acquisition and adaptive deficits, and thus creating a vicious cycle of academic failure, unemployment and loss of salary [7,91], worsening depression and anxiety.…”

Section: Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that a reduced GOS and GOSE at time of hospital discharge is strongly correlated with poor mid-term outcome [91]. Depression and anxiety are known as most common psychiatric problems in patients sustaining TBI [7]. 26% of TBI victims develop a depression between the first and second year after injury [95].…”

Section: Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

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Current Opinions on Epidemiology, Treatment and Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury

Florian¹

2012

J Trauma Treat

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Traumatic Brain InjuryTraumatic Brain Injury (TBI) continues to be the major cause of disability and death throughout the world despite improvements of research and medical treatment [1]. Consequently, an overview on the current incidence of TBI as well as current treatment options and outcome seems considerably relevant.With 332 Traumatic Brain Injuries per 100,000 inhabitants in Germany every year [2], TBI is still the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide [3] resulting in prolonged rehabilitation and long-term care [4]. In multiple traumatized patients, head injuries are evaluated as the most frequent injury, followed by lower and upper extremity trauma [5]. Examining current data, two major gender-and age-related incidences of TBI can be found: one occurs in the late teens to twenties [6] commonly due to motor vehicle accidents [4] with males being three times as often affected compared to females [7]. The second major incidence occurs in the geriatric population caused by falls due to geriatric co-morbidities [6]. While mortality decreased during the last decades based on medical improvements, the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that TBI will be the third greatest cause of disease and injury by 2020 [8].Typical symptoms of TBI represent headache, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision, paresis, aphasia, seizures and impaired coordination on the physical side [9]. Cognitive impairments include attention, memory and concentration disorders or decreased processing speed whereas behavioural symptoms present as depression, anxiety, agitation or aggression [9]. While these symptoms are present in different injury severities to some extent, most are described to resolve quickly especially after mild TBI [9]. Nevertheless, symptoms can still persist for months or even years regardless of the injury severity of TBI [10,11]. AbstractObjective: The objective of this article is to provide an overview on current incidences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) with special focus on current surgical and non-surgical treatment options as well as outcome.Method: A Medline database search was performed using various combinations of the search terms "traumatic brain injury", "TBI", "treatment", "outcome" "pediatric", "intracranial hypertension", "epidemiology" and "incidence". Results:We found an incidence of TBI of 332/100,000 inhabitants in Germany per year and 219-345/100,000 TBI occurring in children. TBI is still the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The overall mortality after TBI is described with 1%.Typical symptoms of TBI represent headache, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, blurred vision, paresis, aphasia, seizures and impaired coordination on the physical side. Cognitive impairments include attention, memory and concentration disorders or decreased processing speed whereas behavioural symptoms present as depression, anxiety, agitation or aggression. Persistence of these symptoms results in a vicious cycle of impaired skill acquisition and an adaptive deficit with increased ...

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Section: Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%