A prospective, randomized, open-label trial comparing the safety and efficacy of trivalent live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in adults 60 years of age and older

2012/13 influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalised influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B: estimates from a European network of hospitals

“…[226] A superiority trial in South Africa in 2002 found no significant difference in relative efficacy between LAIV and TIV, although this was due in part to the small number of laboratory-confirmed infections in the two study arms. [227] Finally, a study among Russian adults aged 60 and over who received either TIV or LAIV alone or a combination of the two, found a similar efficacy when TIV or LAIV was administered alone, at 50% and 51% respectively. [228] This study also observed a slightly increased efficacy of 67% among participants receiving a combination of both vaccines, which could be explored for future vaccination strategies.…”

Vaccinating High-Risk Children with the Intranasal Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine: the Quebec Experience

“…Healthy adults aged 60 years and over were randomized to receive LAIV or IIV. Regardless of antigenic match, the incidence of influenza was 1.5% (22/1508) in LAIV recipients and 0.9% (13/ 1501) in the IIV recipients, giving a 41% superior efficacy of IIV compared to LAIV (95%CI: -17, 70) [22]. By opposition to results found in clinical trials involving children, studies in younger and older adults show that, at best, LAIV is not inferior to IIV, while other studies show a superior efficacy of IIV compared to LAIV.…”

Nasal vaccination using novel mucosal adjuvants : with main focus on influenza A virus

“…Adverse events (AEs) seen after vaccination are usually pain at injection site, swelling, malaise, arm tenderness, fever and redness [98,99].…”