A prospective observational study to assess the cardiac risk factors and treatment patterns in established heart diseases

Abstract

The study aimed to assess established and non-established risk factors and drug therapy problems in the cardiology department and perform a Prospective Observational Study. The study was conducted for a period of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020 in 200 patients with established heart diseases attending a tertiary care hospital in the cardiology department. A patient interview was conducted using an evaluation form. Among 100 patients with established cardiovascular diseases that were engaged in this study, a high number of patients were males and the majority of the patients were in the age group 'Between' 41-60 years. This study shows smoking and alcohol consumption is the most common risk factors in males, hypertension was the mainly 'established' risk factor for cardiovascular disease followed by Angina and Myocardial infarction. Among non-established risk factors, CKD was the main risk factor in cardiovascular disease followed by cardiovascular accidents. ACE Inhibitors and BB are the drugs mainly used in cardiovascular diseases followed by statins and diuretics. This study throws light on the statistical evidence among the age group and gender risk factors, and drug utilization. In the course of this study use of drug pattern was as follows: Anticoagulants are used in (29%) patients, ACE in (22.5%) patients, Antiplatelets in (68%) patients, diuretic in (34%) patients, Statins in (57%) patients, BB in (67.5%) patients, PPI in (22%) patients, CCB in (19.5%) patients, Nitrates (26.5%) patients, OHA (25%) patients. Similar findings in other studies (Blessy Rachel Thomas) (26) on drug therapy usage were found. There is a need to assess both nonestablished and established risk factors among patients with established heart diseases as in this study, CKD and HTN were the most common peril and counsel patients about their risk factors and social habits and lifestyle changes. There is a need for a clinical pharmacist to counsel about lifestyle changes and assess drug therapy utilization patterns in cardiac patients.

Endogenous ligand of the APJ receptor Apelin-13 inhibits cell apoptosis and oxidative stress of cardiomyocytes

“…It was also uncovered that the protein expressions of p-PI3K and p-AKT were markedly down-regulated in H9c2 cells exposed to nicotine, but they were obviously up-regulated in the cells pre-incubated with Apelin-13 (Figure 5). Related reports have shown that the PI3K/AKT pathway plays a critical role in cellular functions such as cell apoptosis, and it mediates various growth factors to regulate cellular functions by phosphorylating or inhibiting its downstream targets, thereby exerting the regulatory effects of these factors on growth, apoptosis, and survival (20)(21)(22). The above findings are consistent with the results of this study.…”

Correlation between Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer in Peripheral Blood and Serum MMPs in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

“…The results showed that EMMPRIN expression on the platelet surface and monocyte surface was positively correlated with serum MMPs expression. From the experimental results, we can know that EMMPRIN expression and serum MMPs expression can achieve mutual regulation, which is consistent with previous research results (32)(33). Therefore, in the early diagnosis of ACS, the expression of MMPs in patients can be determined by detecting the expression of EMMPRIN in patients' peripheral blood, and the expression level of EMMPRIN can also be inferred by detecting the expression of MMPs in patients' serum.…”

Correlation between the insertion-deletion variant of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and various classes of heart failure

“…Albuquerque et al conducted a study on 111 Brazilian HF patients and concluded the same outcomes (33). Another study was conducted to examine the effect of ACE gene variation on the echocardiographic findings of 103 patients with HF and a lack of association between them was revealed (34)(35)(36).…”