A prospective longitudinal study of naturally infected horses to evaluate the performance characteristics of rapid diagnostic tests for equine influenza virus

Read, Andrew J.; Arzey, K E; Finlaison, Deborah S.; Gu, Xingnian; Davis, R. J.; Ritchie, L. S.; Kirkland, Peter D.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.031

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In such circumstances, the ELISA should only be the test of choice in laboratories that do not have the expertise to perform HI or SRH. However, analysis of samples from experimentally infected foals confirmed the findings of Kittelberger et al ., and Read et al ., that in the naïve animal, an ELISA is extremely sensitive and can detect an antibody response by day seven post‐infection. This sensitivity combined with the fact that the ELISA, unlike the HI or the SRH, can be readily automated and used to rapidly screen large numbers of samples suggest that it is an appropriate test for monitoring the spread of EI in a naïve population.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…This sensitivity combined with the fact that the ELISA, unlike the HI or the SRH, can be readily automated and used to rapidly screen large numbers of samples suggest that it is an appropriate test for monitoring the spread of EI in a naïve population. A nucleoprotein ELISA was used to screen approximately 62 000 samples in 6 months after EI was detected in Australia in 2007 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This lack of persistence was consistent with observations during the outbreak in Australia. Read et al ., reported that the ELISA detected antibody in samples from only half of the horses tested 12 months following natural infection. In this study, the ELISA was similar to the SRH in detecting a greater antibody response in horses vaccinated with Duvaxyn IE‐T Plus than other vaccines .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the reasons for choosing this vaccine was that it was possible to differentiate between infected and vaccinated horses (DIVA) using an ELISA developed primarily for poultry, which detected antibodies against the viral nucleoprotein (NP) of type A influenza viruses . The ELISA proved to be extremely useful in the control and eradication of EI in Australia particularly in surveillance of vaccinated horses in the buffer zones surrounding the infected areas . Such surveillance was crucial to provide confidence in a declaration of freedom from EI …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of equine influenza antibodies and the differentiation of infected from vaccinated horses (DIVA)

Galvin

Gildea

Arkins

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundAntibodies against equine influenza virus (EIV) are traditionally quantified by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) or single radial haemolysis (SRH).ObjectivesTo evaluate an ELISA for the detection of antibodies against influenza nucleoprotein in the diagnosis and surveillance of equine influenza (EI).MethodsThe ELISA was compared with the SRH and HI tests. Serial serum samples from 203 naturally and 14 experimentally infected horses, from 60 weanlings following primary vaccination with five different vaccines (two whole inactivated vaccines, two ISCOM‐based subunit vaccines and a recombinant canarypox virus vaccine) and from 44 adult horses following annual booster vaccination with six different vaccines were analysed.ResultsFewer seroconversions were detected in clinical samples by ELISA than by SRH or HI but ELISA was more sensitive than SRH in naïve foals post‐experimental infection. The ELISA did not detect the antibody response to vaccination with the recombinant canarypox virus vaccine confirming the usefulness of the combination of this kit and vaccine to differentiate between naturally infected and vaccinated horses, that is, DIVA. No DIVA capacity was evident with the other vaccines.ConclusionThe results suggest that this ELISA is a useful supplementary test for the diagnosis of EI although less sensitive than HI or SRH. It is an appropriate test for EI surveillance in a naïve population and may be combined with the recombinant canarypox virus vaccine but not with other commercially available subunit vaccines, in a DIVA strategy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of equine influenza antibodies and the differentiation of infected from vaccinated horses (DIVA)

Galvin

Gildea

Arkins

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…However, a minority tested positive for up to 34 days after the onset of clinical signs. In contrast, virus was only isolated from nasal swabs for 6–7 days after clinical signs were first observed 38. EIV strains that previously circulated among horses in Argentina, in the 1990s, group within the South American sub‐lineage of the American lineage8, 10, 12 as does the virus that caused the 2006 outbreak in Chile 26.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012

Perglione¹,

Gildea

Rimondi³

et al. 2015

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundIn 2012, equine influenza (EI) virus was confirmed as the cause of outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses throughout South America. In Uruguay and Argentina, hundreds of vaccinated thoroughbred horses in training and racing facilities were clinically affected.ObjectiveTo characterise the EI viruses detected during the outbreak in Uruguay and Argentina.MethodsVirus was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs by a pan‐reactive influenza type A real‐time RT‐PCR. The nucleotide sequence of the HA1 gene was determined and analysed phylogenetically using mega 5 software. Amino acid sequences alignments were constructed and virus was antigenically characterised with specific ferret antisera. Paired serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition and single radial haemolysis.ResultsThe diagnosis of EIV was confirmed by real‐time RT‐PCR, virus isolation and serological testing. The phylogenetic analysis of HA1 gene sequences of 18 EI viruses indicated that all of them belong to clade 1 of the Florida sublineage of the American lineage and are closely related to viruses isolated in the United States in 2012. The HA1 of viruses identified in horses in racing facilities in Maroñas, Uruguay, and in Palermo, Argentina, displayed 100% amino acid sequence identity and were identical to that of a virus isolated in Dubai in 2012, from vaccinated endurance horses recently imported from Uruguay.ConclusionsThe surveillance data reported illustrate the international spread of EI viruses and support the recommendations of the OIE expert surveillance panel to include viruses of the Florida sublineage in vaccines.

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Diagnosis of Influenza Viruses

Kapoor

Dhama

2014

Insight Into Influenza Viruses of Animals and Humans

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A prospective longitudinal study of naturally infected horses to evaluate the performance characteristics of rapid diagnostic tests for equine influenza virus

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of equine influenza antibodies and the differentiation of infected from vaccinated horses (DIVA)

The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of equine influenza antibodies and the differentiation of infected from vaccinated horses (DIVA)

Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012

Diagnosis of Influenza Viruses

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