A prospective longitudinal study of consistency and change in parental influence on children's academic achievement

Abstract

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The influence of individual characteristics and parenting behaviors on adolescent academic performance

“…Generally, many parenting practices tend to decrease with the age of the child especially during adolescence (Frick, Christian, & Wooton, 1999;Larson, et al, 1996;McNally, Eisenberg, & Harris, 1991;Yang, 1997). The two parenting practices specific to this study, parental control and parental involvement, for example, tend to decrease as the child matures.…”

“…Academic performance is commonly measured using a child's grade point average (GPA) and/or standardized test scores (Dishion, Poulin, & Skaggs, 2000;Jacobson & Crockett, 2000;Kim & Rohner, 2002;Shumow & Miller, 2001;Yang, 1997;Zuniga, 2001). This study focuses on academic performance in middle school and high school as assessed by the adolescent's self-reported GPAs.…”

“…Consistent with previous studies, the adolescent's grade point average (GPA) was used to measure academic performance (Dishion, Poulin, & Skaggs, 2000;Jacobson & Crockett, 2000;Kim & Rohner, 2002;Shumow & Miller, 2001;Yang, 1997;Zuniga, 2001). GPA was assessed by students' reported grades in English/language arts, math, history/social studies, and science at the most recent grading period.…”