A prospective investigation of the relations among cognitive dietary restraint, subclinical ovulatory disturbances, physical activity, and bone mass in healthy young women

Abstract

Background: Cognitive dietary restraint (CDR) may mediate subclinical ovulatory disturbances, which may result in loss of bone mineral density (BMD). CDR is associated with greater physical activity, which may modify the effect of CDR and ovulatory disturbances on bone mass. Objective: We aimed to investigate the relations among CDR, ovulatory disturbances, and physical activity and their effect on BMD in healthy premenopausal women over a 2-y period. Design: In this prospective cohort study, key explanatory factors, important covariates, and BMD were measured at baseline and at 12 and 24 mo; 225 women completed the baseline assessment, and 189 completed the study. CDR was measured with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, and physical activity was measured with the Baecke scale. An average of 9.8 menstrual cycles in 2 y were monitored by using salivary progesterone measurements and urinary ovulation detection kits. Ovulatory disturbances included anovulatory cycles or short luteal phase lengths of 10 d. BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total body was measured by using dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry. General linear mixed modeling was used to determine predictors of change in BMD over time. Results: CDR was not associated with ovulatory disturbances or changes in BMD. The average annual rate of change in lumbar spine BMD was decreased by 0.01 g/cm 2 in women who had experienced ͧ3 monitored cycles with ovulatory disturbances (P ҃ 0.02). Conclusions: CDR did not predict bone loss, and there was no relation between CDR and ovulatory disturbances. Ovulatory disturbances had a negative effect on the rate of change at the lumbar spine. The cause of these disturbances is unknown.Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:1791-801.

Using participant hedonic ratings of food images to construct data driven food groupings

“…However, overall, BMI was not significantly related to intake of any food component (see Table 5). Participants’ dietary restraint scores in this sample were comparable with scores for the restraint scale of the TFEQ reported in other recent studies (Waugh, Polivy, Ridout, & Hawker, 2007; Williamson et al, 2007). Dietary restraint was not significantly related to aggregate appeal ratings (r = −.12; p = .18) but was negatively related to appeal ratings for Energy-Dense Main Courses (r = −.21; p < .05), and Meats (r = −.18; p < .05).…”

The Relationship Between 24-h Urinary Cortisol and Bone in Healthy Young Women

“…It is possible that there may be a threshold for an effect of dietary restraint, such that in the current study we did not have enough women with very high scores (n =23 with high restraint) to detect an association between restraint and UFC or bone density. Studies similar to ours in sample size and characteristics that examined bone density over a spectrum of dietary restraint scores also reported no relationship with aBMD [40,41], although one study noted lower total body BMC with higher restraint in three out of four body weight groups [41]. In addition, two studies of teens and young women with high activity levels reported lower aBMD among those with high versus low dietary restraint [42,43], although the inclusion of women with oligo-amenorrhea in those studies complicates interpretation.…”

A clinical decision rule to enhance targeted bone mineral density testing in healthy mid-life women

“…The rationale for testing in these women is unclear. Past research by our group and others suggests that physical inactivity during adolescence [20,21] and delayed menarche [22] may result in failure to attain optimal peak bone mass. In the current study, neither of these risk factors, nor any others, differed significantly in prevalence by menopausal status.…”