A Proposed Classification of Archeopyle Types in Calcareous Dinoflagellate Cysts

Streng, Michael; Hildebrand-Habel, Tania; Willems, Helmut

doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0456:apcoat>2.0.co;2

Cited by 51 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…This is interpreted as an equivalent of the entire epitheca, which is in this characteristic additionally found in Lebessphaera Meier, Janofske & Willems (Meier et al, 2002). This 'epitractal archaeopyle' (Streng et al, 2004) is unique, at least among extant calcareous dinoflagellates, and argues for the monophyly of the corresponding group. The presumptive close relationship of Pernambugia and Lebessphaera as inferred from molecular data cannot be confirmed until living material of the latter is available.…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The latter is clearly monophyletic based on molecular data (99 DBS, 98 PBS; Fig. 47), and all its representatives have cysts (as known so far) with a 'combined archaeopyle' (in the sense of Streng et al, 2004), comprising (at least) the thecate plate equivalents 2 0 -4 0 and 1a-3a. This character is unique in extant calcareous dinoflagellates and is the most striking apomorphy of Scrippsiella s.l., including the cyst taxa Calcigonellum, Calciodinellum, and Pernambugia.…”

Section: The Molecular Tree and Phylogenetic Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…By contrast, cyst morphology is diverse in calcareous dinoflagellates (Keupp, 1987(Keupp, , 1991Montresor, 1995). In micropalaeontology, characters of the cysts such as size and shape (also considering paratabulation and special structures, such as spines), configuration of the archaeopyle (Keupp & Versteegh, 1989;Streng et al, 2004), and orientation and shape of the cyst forming crystals (Keupp, 1987(Keupp, , 1991, have been used to identify species and to group them into higher order taxa, and they may provide a considerable set of characters for phylogenetic analyses (Kohring et al, 2005). However, both motile forms and cysts show high intraspecific variability in extant dinoflagellates (even in clonal strains: D'Onofrio et al, 1999;Montresor et al, 2003) that may have a major impact on the correct interpretation of fossil forms.…”

Section: Scrippsiellamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A molecular phylogeny ofScrippsiella sensu lato(Calciodinellaceae, Dinophyta) with interpretations on morphology and distribution

Gottschling

Knop

Plötner

et al. 2005

European Journal of Phycology

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The phylogenetic relationships of Scrippsiella sensu lato (including cyst taxa such as Calcigonellum, Calciodinellum, and Pernambugia) were investigated based on sequences from the ribosomal 5.8S rRNA and the Internal Transcribed Spacers ITS1 and ITS2, including interpretations on morphology and distribution. To attach importance to the cyst diversity present in calcareous dinoflagellates, a segregation of Scrippsiella sensu lato into four well-recognizable and monophyletic groups is proposed, corresponding to more-or less-established taxonomic units: (i) Calciodinellum (including Calcigonellum and a few species assigned to Scrippsiella), (ii) Pernambugia (presumptively including Lebessphaera), (iii) S. precaria and S. ramonii, and (iv) Scrippsiella sensu stricto comprising largely the S. trochoidea species complex. The phylogenetic relationships among these four groups are not sufficiently resolved. Molecular data suggest the existence of numerous cryptic taxa showing molecular, but not morphological, variation (especially in Scrippsiella sensu stricto). Closely related strains have a wide range of distribution and occur (at least partly) sympatrically in cold through to tropical seas of the world.

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confidence: 76%

Section: The Molecular Tree and Phylogenetic Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Scrippsiellamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A molecular phylogeny ofScrippsiella sensu lato(Calciodinellaceae, Dinophyta) with interpretations on morphology and distribution

Gottschling

Knop

Plötner

et al. 2005

European Journal of Phycology

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“…Before this study, their biomineralogically unremarkable architecture (Fig. 1a) and lack of unequivocal morphological features that characterize dinoflagellates (for example, tabulation and archeopyles) raised doubts concerning their true biological affiliation 2,3,5 . Most of these forms have appeared to be constructed from two single-layered walls of coarse (41 mm), equidimensional calcite crystallites, although specimens showing variable crystallite size and multiple wall layers have been observed infrequently and considered to represent ecophenotypic or intraspecific variability 9,10 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Calcareous shells of dinoflagellates are mostly spherical calcite tests (B10-180 mm) formed by the family Thoracosphaeraceae 2 living in shelf and oceanic surface waters. Around 30 living species and 260 fossil species are known, with most extant forms producing calcareous immotile coccoid cells some of which function as reproductive resting cysts 2,3 . The simple fossil forms that have been included in the calcareous dinoflagellates have wall architectures with randomly-oblique, radial, tangential and inclined radial (pithonellid) crystallographic orientations 4 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Exceptionally well-preserved Cretaceous microfossils reveal new biomineralization styles

Wendler

Bown

2013

Nat Commun

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Calcareous microplankton shells form the dominant components of ancient and modern pelagic sea-floor carbonates and are widely used in palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. The efficacy of these applications, however, is dependent upon minimal geochemical alteration during diagenesis, but these modifying processes are poorly understood. Here we report on new biomineralization architectures of previously unsuspected complexity in calcareous cell-wall coverings of extinct dinoflagellates (pithonellids) from a Tanzanian microfossil-lagerstätte. These Cretaceous 'calcispheres' have previously been considered biomineralogically unremarkable but our new observations show that the true nature of these tests has been masked by recrystallization. The pristine Tanzanian fossils are formed from fibre-like crystallites and show archeopyles and exquisitely constructed opercula, demonstrating the dinoflagellate affinity of pithonellids, which has long been uncertain. The interwoven fibre-like structures provide strength and flexibility enhancing the protective function of these tests. The low-density wall fabrics may represent specific adaptation for oceanic encystment life cycles, preventing the cells from rapid sinking.

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Establishing an Agenda for Calcareous Dinoflagellate Research (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae) including a nomenclatural synopsis of generic names

Elbrächter

Gottschling

Hildebrand-Habel

et al. 2008

TAXON

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Calcareous dinoflagellates are considered to be a monophyletic group of peridinoid taxa that have the potential to produce calcified exoskeletal structures during the life cycle, or that derive from such forms. Frequently, these calcareous bodies are excellently preserved in the fossil record and have received increased attention during the past three decades with regard to their use in biostratigraphy, climate and environmental reconstruction. Fossil and extant taxa have been classified in various, partly concurring, systematic concepts, using character complexes of the theca, cyst wall ultrastructure and archaeopyle/operculum morphology. The significance of such character complexes is briefly discussed in the light of molecular data that have been accumulated during the past decade. Over the years, the number of published taxonomic names has increased, partly due to nomenclatural changes. We propose that the entirety of calcareous dinoflagellates, and non-calcareous relatives derived from them, is accommodated in a single family of the order Peridiniales, the Thoracosphaeraceae, combining the former segregated taxonomic units Calciodinelloideae, a subfamily within Peridiniaceae, and Thoracosphaerales, a separate dinoflagellate order. As a result of a meeting of calcareous dinoflagellate specialists, we outline major subjects that are in need of re-investigation and -evaluation (an Agenda for Calcareous Dinoflagellate Research). In order to contribute to a consistent and stable nomenclature and taxonomy of calcareous dinoflagellates, we list 97 published generic names assigned to known calcareous dinoflagellates in a nomenclatural synopsis, with species names indicating their types and information on type locality and stratigraphy. We evaluate the status of these names-whether validly published and, if so, whether legitimate-, a crucial first step for any revisionary work in the future.

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A Proposed Classification of Archeopyle Types in Calcareous Dinoflagellate Cysts

Cited by 51 publications

References 71 publications

A molecular phylogeny ofScrippsiella sensu lato(Calciodinellaceae, Dinophyta) with interpretations on morphology and distribution

A molecular phylogeny ofScrippsiella sensu lato(Calciodinellaceae, Dinophyta) with interpretations on morphology and distribution

Exceptionally well-preserved Cretaceous microfossils reveal new biomineralization styles

Establishing an Agenda for Calcareous Dinoflagellate Research (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae) including a nomenclatural synopsis of generic names

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