A Proposed Approach for Setting Occupational Exposure Limits for Sensory Irritants Based on Chemosensory Models

doi:10.1093/annhyg/mem019

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Odor is the sensation of smell carried by the olfactory nerve (first cranial nerve). Sensory irritation involves stimulation of the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve), and near triggering concentrations is generally considered to be a physiological and not a toxic response in that no tissue damage or cellular injury is involved (Gaffney and Paustenbach, 2007; Paustenbach and Gaffney, 2006; Dalton, 2002, 2003). This is particularly the case for formaldehyde-induced sensory irritation as discussed in this review and does not imply that formaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity does not occur at concentrations in excess of those necessary to trigger the symptoms of sensory irritation (i.e., >2ppm).…”

Section: Iiisensory Irritationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is possible that people with a diminished ability to detect odors could still have symptoms of sensory irritation without detecting the pungent odor of formaldehyde. Finally, it is important to note that olfaction of formaldehyde does not imply that any adverse effects are triggered, including the onset of sensory irritation (Gaffney and Paustenbach, 2007; Paustenbach and Gaffney, 2006; Dalton, 2002, 2003). …”

Section: Iiisensory Irritationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying an indoor air exposure limit for formaldehyde considering both irritation and cancer hazards

Golden¹

2011

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

158

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Formaldehyde is a well-studied chemical and effects from inhalation exposures have been extensively characterized in numerous controlled studies with human volunteers, including asthmatics and other sensitive individuals, which provide a rich database on exposure concentrations that can reliably produce the symptoms of sensory irritation. Although individuals can differ in their sensitivity to odor and eye irritation, the majority of authoritative reviews of the formaldehyde literature have concluded that an air concentration of 0.3 ppm will provide protection from eye irritation for virtually everyone. A weight of evidence-based formaldehyde exposure limit of 0.1 ppm (100 ppb) is recommended as an indoor air level for all individuals for odor detection and sensory irritation. It has recently been suggested by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the National Toxicology Program (NTP), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) that formaldehyde is causally associated with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and leukemia. This has led US EPA to conclude that irritation is not the most sensitive toxic endpoint and that carcinogenicity should dictate how to establish exposure limits for formaldehyde. In this review, a number of lines of reasoning and substantial scientific evidence are described and discussed, which leads to a conclusion that neither point of contact nor systemic effects of any type, including NPC or leukemia, are causally associated with exposure to formaldehyde. This conclusion supports the view that the equivocal epidemiology studies that suggest otherwise are almost certainly flawed by identified or yet to be unidentified confounding variables. Thus, this assessment concludes that a formaldehyde indoor air limit of 0.1 ppm should protect even particularly susceptible individuals from both irritation effects and any potential cancer hazard.

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Section: Iiisensory Irritationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iiisensory Irritationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying an indoor air exposure limit for formaldehyde considering both irritation and cancer hazards

Golden¹

2011

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

158

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“…A large portion of chemical substances, for which occupational exposure limits have been established, are based on avoiding of sensory irritation (Dick and Ahlers [1]; Edling and Lundberg [2]; Gaffney and Paustenbach [3]). The typical sensations of irritation—coolness, warmth, or sharpness—are mediated by the interaction of the chemical with receptors of the nervous system (e.g., free nerve endings of the trigeminal nerve) and can trigger defense mechanisms and reflexes (e.g., sneezing) (Doty et al [4]; Morris and Shusterman [5]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Humidity on Assessing Irritation Threshold of Ammonia

Monsé

Sucker

Hoffmeyer

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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A large number of occupational exposure limit values (OELs) are based on avoiding of sensory irritation of the eyes and the upper respiratory tract. In order to investigate the chemosensory effect range of a chemical, odor and sensory irritation thresholds (lateralization thresholds, LTs) can be assessed. Humidity affects olfactory function and thus influences odor thresholds; however, a similar effect has not been shown for sensory irritation thresholds. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether LTs for ammonia vapor vary depending on the water vapor content of the inspired stimulus. Eight healthy nonsmoking volunteers were simultaneously exposed to ammonia vapor through one nostril and clean air through the other and were asked to determine which nostril received the chemical. Within experimental runs, ascending ammonia concentrations (60–350 ppm) that were either dry or humidified were administered at fixed time intervals. Geometric mean LTs obtained at wet (181 ppm) or dry (172 ppm) conditions did not differ significantly (P = 0.19) and were within the range of those reported by previous studies. These results suggest that humidity is not a critical factor in determining sensory irritation thresholds for ammonia, and future studies will examine if these findings are transferable to sensory irritation thresholds for other chemicals.

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“…Odor detection threshold (ODT) is the biological endpoint that provides a quantitative assessment on the effect that airborne chemicals posed on human olfactory system. The values of ODT are of great important in a number of research fields as odor activity evaluation [1][2], structure-activity relationship [3], setting occupational exposure limits [4] establishing quality control criteria [5] and occupational health standards [6]. However, there are large relatively differences among ODT values measured by different laboratories, and some of the differences are as high as several decades [7], which bring uniform results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between the Differences of Odor Detection Threshold Values Measured by Different Methods and some of the Physicochemical Properties

Fang

Liu

Qin

2013

AMR

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The amount of sample can enter the nasal cavity depends on the physiochemical characteristics such as distribution, volatility and solubility. It can be suspected that the difference of odor detection threshold (ODT) measured by different methods is related to the physicochemical properties of compounds. To investigate the relationship between ODT differences and the physicochemical properties of compounds, ODT values of four series of organic compounds were measured by triangle odor bag method and gas chromatography and olfactometry method; the results were compared and the absolute differences were calculated. Relationship between ODT differences and the type of functional group and some of the physicochemical properties of compounds was analyzed. The results showed the type of functional group had significant effect on the differences. Certain linear relationships between the logarithmic value of differences and the logarithmic values of saturated vapor pressure and molecular weight were observed.

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A Proposed Approach for Setting Occupational Exposure Limits for Sensory Irritants Based on Chemosensory Models

Cited by 22 publications

References 79 publications

Identifying an indoor air exposure limit for formaldehyde considering both irritation and cancer hazards

Identifying an indoor air exposure limit for formaldehyde considering both irritation and cancer hazards

The Influence of Humidity on Assessing Irritation Threshold of Ammonia

Relationship between the Differences of Odor Detection Threshold Values Measured by Different Methods and some of the Physicochemical Properties

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