A proposal of topographic map symbols for large-scale maps of urban areas in Brazil

Abstract

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper addresses a historical issue in Brazil that is that topographic mapping has been performed without application of the theories of cartography to local reality. With the lack of research on this subject, the rules and standards for topographic mapping in Brazil are based on solutions that have been developed in other countries. Even though topographic maps are not a frequent topic of cartographic research, as cited by Kent (2009), when the methods, techniques, and standards are imported from other countries, they are established by considering different natural, rural, and urban landscapes; different histories of land use and occupation; and different cultures. Consequently, it is essential to develop studies that address the theoretical issues of topographic mapping and to verify their suitability to Brazilian reality, considering the geographical aspects that must be represented in topographic mapping. Such a foundation of scientific knowledge is essential to producing solutions that are adapted to the environmental conditions and needs of Brazilian users and society.</p>

Brazilian Nsdi Ten Years Later: Current Overview, New Challenges and Propositions for National Topographic Mapping

“…As cited by Sluter et al (2018) the Brazilian territory had its first aerophotogrammetric survey performed by the United States Air Force -USAF -from 1942 to 1943, with 1:60,000 scale photographs in the 1:60,000 scale. The availability of this photogrammetric coverage allowed for a cooperative agreement between the Brazilian government and the USAF in the 1970s, which resulted in the mapping of about 60% of the Brazilian land in the 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 scales.…”

“…However, it is important to highlight that the cartographers and photogrammetrists who came to Brazil from Austria, Germany, and the United States of America introduced techniques and methods that were developed for the realities of their countries, that is, with differences in several aspects such as cultural and historical evolution, urban and rural landscapes, land use and occupation. Moreover, these approaches were not always suitable for Brazilian urban and natural environments (Sluter et al 2018).…”

Mapeamento colaborativo como fonte de dados para o planejamento urbano: desafios e potencialidades

“…No que se refere ao mapeamento de referência oficial em escalas grandes, ou seja, o mapeamento de referência urbano, além da DSG, a competência para a produção dos dados geoespaciais cabe também aos órgãos federais, estaduais e municipais, por intermédio de contratação na iniciativa privada (Brasil, 2010;Brasil, 2008). Porém, mesmo responsável pelo mapeamento na escala 1:25.000, a cobertura da União é ainda muito pequena, sendo de apenas 5% do país (Sluter et al, 2019), como mostra a Tabela 1. Como o mapeamento de referência é a base para a produção de outras informações, os critérios adotados em relação a esses dados devem ser extremamente rigorosos, com o intuito de reduzir a propagação de erros aos produtos finais.…”

The quality of OpenStreetMap in a large metropolis in northeast Brazil: Preliminary assessment of geospatial data for road axes

“…IBGE supplies the sheets in matrix and raster formats at various scales and provides access to continuous bases in Brazil at the 1:1,000,000 and 1:250,000 scales. Mapping in Brazil at a scale of 1:25,000 provides a total area coverage of 5% (Sluter et al 2019). Germany, Austria, and Switzerland have dense reference networks for the surveys, while some municipalities in Brazil still lack them for updated mapping (Klein et al 2017).…”