A proposal for the reduction of animal numbers required for the acute toxicity to fish test (LC50 determination)

A strategy to reduce the use of fish in acute ecotoxicity testing of new chemical substances notified in the European Union

“…The published literature contains many proposals for incorporating the 3Rs (Reduction, ReWnement, and Replacement) concept (Russell and Burch, 1959) into Wsh acute toxicity testing (see reviews by Walker, 1997;Walker et al, 1998). These include new testing strategies to reduce the number of Wsh for acute tests (Douglas et al, 1986;Hutchinson et al, 2003), the use of Wsh embryos (Canaria et al, 1999;Nagel, 2002;Schulte and Nagel, 1994), in vitro assays based on Wsh cells or cell lines (Castaño et al, 2003), and QSAR strategies (Cronin et al, 2003;European Commission, 2003b) to replace tests with free-feeding larvae, juvenile or adult Wsh.…”

Influence of the Energy Relationships of Organic Compounds on Their Specificity toward Aquatic Organisms

“…1,3-Dichlorobenzene 81.80 Ph, Sc, Ss, Dm, Dp, Cv, Li, Lm, Om, Pp, Pr Calamari et al, 1983;Ribo and Kaiser, 1983;Richter et al, 1983;Veith et al, 1983a; Hermens et al, 1984a,b;Bobra et al, 1985;Broderius and Kahl, 1985;Halfon and Reggiani, 1986;Abernethy et al, 1988;Kühn and Pattard, 1990; WHO, 1991;Rippen, 1993 174.36 Mayes et al, 1983;Malle, 1984;McCarty et al, 1985;Gersich et al, 1986;Halfon and Reggiani, 1986;Kühn and Pattard, 1990;Smith et al, 1991;Rippen, 1993 Calamari et al, 1983;Ribo and Kaiser, 1983;Hermens et al, 1984a;Bobra et al, 1985;Abernethy et al, 1986;Halfon and Reggiani, 1986;Hall and Kier, 1986;Pickering et al, 1989; WHO, 1991 56.03 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 60.50 Ph, Sc, Ss, Dm, Ns, Br, Cv, Jr, Li, Lm, Ol, Om, Pp, Pr Cairns and Scheier, 1968;Bengtsson and Tarkpea, 1983;Veith et al, 1983a;Malle, 1984;Bobra et al, 1985;Geyer et al, 1985;Douglas et al, 1986;Halfon and Reggiani, 1986;Hall and Kier, 1986;Yoshioka et al, 1986;Holcombe et al, 1987;Abernethy et al, 1988;…”

“…Hexachlorobenzene 46.00 Sc, Ss, Dm, Br, Cv, Li, Lm, Om, Pp Cairns and Scheier, 1968;Calamari et al, 1983;Geyer et al, 1985;Rippen, 1993 271.81 Phenol −52.67 Ph, Sc, Cd, Dm, Dp, Aq, Ca, Ga, Jf, Li, Lm, Om, Pp, Pr Dowden and Bennett, 1965;Pickering and Henderson, 1966;Sletten and Burbank, 1972;Brungs et al, 1977;Dietz and Traud, 1978;Buikema et al, 1979;Buikema and Benfield, 1980;De Graeve et al, 1980;Chang et al, 1981;Phipps et al, 1981Phipps et al, , 1984Qureshi et al, 1982Qureshi et al, , 1984Mayes et al, 1983;Pickering et al, 1983;Veith et al, 1983a;Verschueren, 1983;Hermens et al, 1984b;Millemann et al, 1984; Environment Canada, 1985b;Keen and Baillod, 1985;Douglas et al, 1986;Gersich et al, 1986;Holcombe et al, 1987;Kaiser and Ribo, 1988;Walker, 1988;Kühn et al, 1989;Vaishnav and Korthals, 1990;Cowgill and Milazzo, 1991;Streit, 1991; Rippen, 1993 91.34 2-Chlorophenol −56.80 Ph, Sc, Ss, Dm, Ca, Li, Lm, Ol, Om, Pp, Pr Juhnke andLüdemann, 1978;Phipps et al, 1981;Keen and Baillod, 1985;Pickering et al, 1989;Kühn and Pattard, 1990;Rippen, 1993 106.98 3-Chlorophenol −56.40 Ph, Sc, Cv, Li, Ol, Pp Malle, 1984 Rippen, 1993 ...…”

Toxicity of metal polluted sediments to Daphnia magna and Tubifex tubifex

“…(Gersich et al, 1986). The use of 10 instead of 20 Daphnia for each concentration is probably of minor importance for precision (Douglas et al, 1986), especially since mortality in the dilution water was negligible (0/60-3/60 after 48 h) . (1987) .…”