A produção familiar como alternativa de um desenvolvimento sustentável para a Amazônia: Lições aprendidas de iniciativas de uso florestal por produtores familiares na Amazônia boliviana, brasileira, equatoriana e peruana

Cost of Opportunity: Economic Competitiveness of Community Forest Management by Land Use

“…However, most of the region's producers, with the exception of some indigenous groups and extractive communities, are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry and can be more defined as farmers, although almost all households in the region work with trees within and outside of the forest (GUARIGUATA et al, 2012;SIST et al, 2014;PIKETTY et al, 2015). Pokorny et al (2014) studied the diversity of livelihood strategies in the Amazon, and they observed that rural families followed a specific strategy characterized by a complex combination of different production and income-generation activities. They identified about 22 main activities, which could be classified into four categories: agriculture; agroforestry systems; forest extraction; and the use of rivers, mainly for fishing.…”

“…However, studies have pointed out that despite the great importance of the forest for the livelihood of those who reside in the area (particularly the poorest producers), family producers who survive mainly on forest products are relatively rare. Apparently, the forest has the potential to generate additional income but not as the sole family income; this makes it difficult to consolidate farming activities (POKORNY et al, 2014).…”

The context of deforestation and forest degradation in Bolivia: Drivers, agents and institutions

“…Forest control has been strengthened recently and seems to be leading to a reduction in illegal harvesting, but this is 59 This program seeks to reach almost 200,000 people in 2650 communities and 22,000 cattle ranchers registered by SENASAG (unpublished data from the Directorate of Natural Resources of the Departmental Autonomous Government of Santa . 60 A study of the Bolivian Amazon identifies several burning practices adapted to the specific socio-environmental context (Pokorny et al 2010), e.g. for the protection of Brazil nuts (B. excelsa) through strips (Hoch et al 2009).…”

Community forest management in the Peruvian Amazon: A literature review

“…Many examples are emerging of smallholder forestry initiatives that do not depend upon external actors (Pokorny et al 2010); indeed, this may even be the dominant management paradigm in many cases. The literature is relatively recent but a few studies of relevance to Peru are available.…”

“…This focus on communal forests is logical, given that large areas of forest in Latin America are managed by communities under communal titles. At the same time, other forms of forest management are increasingly attracting attention and interest, particularly company-community partnerships (Mayers and Vermuelen 2002) and locally initiated forest management activities that do not rely on outside support (Pokorny et al 2010).…”