A Problem of Infrared Electronic-Toll-Collection Systems: The Irregularity of LED Radiation Pattern and Emitter Design

Shieh, Wern-Yarng; Hsu, Chung-Hsien; Wang, Ti-Ho

doi:10.1109/tits.2010.2071384

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In our previous works, we have established a physical model to analyse the system performance of ETC systems [1,8,[15][16][17][18][19]. Fig.…”

Section: Design Of the Emitter For Etc Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2. Moreover, according to our measurements, there are notable discrepancies among the radiation patterns of TSFF5200 LEDs, even though they came from the same manufacturing lot [16,17]. For different diodes, the depth of the notch can vary from 15% to 25%.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The radiation pattern of the infrared emitter can be properly designed by using appropriate LEDs and adjusting the mounting angle of each constituent LED [1,[15][16][17][18][19]. Because there is a large number of commercial LEDs with various half-intensity angles, it is not supposed to be difficult to tailor the radiation pattern of the infrared emitters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the approximation is not sufficiently precise for such irregular patterns, it is still very helpful for the analysis of the system performance [1,[16][17][18][19]. In the following section we will present some successful designs of the infrared emitter for ETC applications by using TSFF5200 LEDs with the aid of the approximation (1) and an optimisation algorithm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design of light‐emitting‐diode array for solving problems of irregular radiation pattern and signal attenuation for infrared electronic‐toll‐collection systems

Shieh

Hsu

Chen

et al. 2015

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

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Infrared light emitting diodes (LEDs) with a half-intensity angle Φ 1/2 ≃ 10°are suitable for electronic-toll-collection (ETC) applications. However, the radiation patterns of commonly available low-cost commercial infrared LEDs are irregular to some extent, which result in difficulties to construct an infrared ETC system with a proper communication area. Most low-cost infrared LEDs with a half-intensity angle Φ 1/2 ≃ 10°exhibit a common irregularity in their radiation pattern -a notch in the central radiant direction. The adverse influence bccause of such irregularities can be reduced by a proper design of an LED array in the emitter. High attenuation for the infrared signal of some windshields is also a serious problem for infrared ETC systems, which leads to severe shrinkage of the communication area if the emitter has not been properly designed. In this study, the authors present some successful designs with the aid of an optimisation algorithm to adjust the mounting angle of each constituent LED. In spite of the aforementioned irregularity, the proposed design still exhibits good performance in terms of the ability to withstand high signal attenuation and extended communication area in the vehicle-travelling direction.

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“…In our previous works, we have established a physical model to analyse the system performance of ETC systems [1,8,[15][16][17][18][19]. Fig.…”

Section: Design Of the Emitter For Etc Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design of light‐emitting‐diode array for solving problems of irregular radiation pattern and signal attenuation for infrared electronic‐toll‐collection systems

Shieh

Hsu

Chen

et al. 2015

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

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“…In addition, the speed of passing cars cannot be too fast, and the transmission range is rather limited. For an ETC system, a sufficient communication duration is necessary to allow for complete transfer of all the information between an OBU and an RSU when vehicles are rapidly traveling through the communication area [1,7]. Moreover, infrared can only handle cars in one lane, since line-of-sight transmission must be used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Feasibility of Using 802.11p for Communication of Electronic Toll Collection Systems

Lin

et al. 2011

ISRN Communications and Networking

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In an 802.11p (the so-called DSRC) network, the WSMP protocol is used for the communication between OBU and RSU. Unlike a wired network, an 802.11p wireless network is prone to fading, shadowing, and interferences, which might result in high error rates. However, there is no reliability mechanism embedded in the WSMP protocol, which can become an important issue for mission-critical ITS applications such as ETC (Electronic Toll Collection). In this work, we develop a protocol on top of WSMP to build a reliable session for the message exchanges between RSU and OBU. Our protocol uses a timer-based mechanism for the message retransmission in the case of message losses. In this paper, we first describe the design of our session protocol and evaluate its performance for ETC communication in simulations. We then discuss the implementation of our protocol on the ITRI WAVE box and evaluate its effectiveness on real roads.

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Towards intelligent transportation system: A comprehensive review of electronic toll collection systems

Shahrier,

Hasnat,

Al‐Mahmud

et al. 2024

IET Intelligent Trans Sys

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Electronic toll collection system (ETCS) devices on vehicles communicate wirelessly with road head devices at toll stations. ETCS is preferred in countries because it is more convenient and efficient than manual toll collection. However, the scattered and constant innovations in this sector require a bridge between worldwide ETCS usage and advancements and a single page to grasp this sector's developments to ensure further developments. Following a systematic review, this study examined ETCS worldwide and technology adaption considering the scopes, limitations, usages, and related technology of the ever‐developing electronic toll collection system. Existing ETCS technologies have been investigated and synchronized with ingrowing tech disparity to overcome the research synchronization gap. The study also included a bibliometric assessment to identify the important areas of research, technologies most used, degree of knowledge generated, growth/trend of the researches, most well‐known authors, keywords, countries, documents, source of publication, and so on considering time‐to‐time changes. The study provided bibliometric solutions to the gap of lack of synchronization of research worldwide and even ETCS implementation difference within a country, which complicated collaboration with the central system and linked organizations and made it difficult for users to adapt the system.

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A Problem of Infrared Electronic-Toll-Collection Systems: The Irregularity of LED Radiation Pattern and Emitter Design

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Design of light‐emitting‐diode array for solving problems of irregular radiation pattern and signal attenuation for infrared electronic‐toll‐collection systems

Design of light‐emitting‐diode array for solving problems of irregular radiation pattern and signal attenuation for infrared electronic‐toll‐collection systems

On the Feasibility of Using 802.11p for Communication of Electronic Toll Collection Systems

Towards intelligent transportation system: A comprehensive review of electronic toll collection systems

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