A probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of norovirus disease burden from wastewater irrigation of vegetables in Shepparton, Australia

Mok, Hoi‐Fei; Barker, Fiona; Hamilton, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.060

Cited by 88 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…In addition, in Australia, a QMRA model was developed to know the risk of irrigation with wastewater in other types of vegetables such as lettuce, broccoli, cabbage, Asian vegetables and cucumber. Norovirus concentration was used, using faecal dumping rates in black wastewater and the annual norovirus disease burden after irrigation with treated wastewater [151]. The annual estimates of disease burden showed that the primary treatment scenarios evaluated fluctuated within a range of 10 −5 to 10 −3 DALY per person, exceeding all mean values suggested by the WHO and Australian regulations (threshold ≤ 10 −6 DALY per person).…”

Section: Assessment Of the Risk Associated With The Use Of Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A probabilistic modeling technique to estimate the magnitude of risk under specific scenarios [151,152] and its implementation is defined in four steps: (i) hazard identification; (ii) exposure assessment; (iii) dose-response modeling; and (iv) risk characterization. The use of this technique in relation to the wastewater reuse in agriculture has been focused on the risk assessment in raw consumer products, especially on varieties of lettuce and some vegetables, and rotavirus infection as a major cause of diarrheal disease in the world [153].…”

Section: Assessment Of the Risk Associated With The Use Of Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits

2017

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For centuries, wastewater has been improperly used in agriculture, presenting potential risks to public health and the environment. In the context of scientific development, and confronted by an increasing water crisis, wastewater reuse merits consideration because the practice helps decrease water use pressure and moderates water pollution. Thus, this article presents a literature review that addresses the effects, both positive and negative, of wastewater use in agriculture, emphasizing the effects on the soil environment. The literature review reveals that, until the 1990s, research studies promoted the use of wastewater for irrigation purposes from a treatment approach, while proposing "end of pipe" conventional solutions. However, more recent research studies (2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016) reveal that agricultural reuse significantly affects soil texture properties, while also causing possible alterations of the biomass and microbiota. In addition, research in this period has been oriented to the quantitative evaluation of microbiological risk.

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Section: Assessment Of the Risk Associated With The Use Of Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Assessment Of the Risk Associated With The Use Of Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits

2017

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“…For example, a study in Australia used the human faecal shedding rates method to estimate norovirus concentrations in raw wastewater (6.03 10 7 virus/L). The study found that the estimated pathogen risk (7.95 10 -5 to 2.34 10 -3 DALY pppy) also exceeded the WHO acceptable limits (10 -6 DALY/person/year) even after waste stabilisation treatment [196]. From the aforementioned results and discussions, it is increasingly becoming clear that the use of indicator pathogen relationships, and the water models, are likely to result in a higher risk than the tolerable thresholds, though other input parameters could affect the estimated risk.…”

Section: Comparison Of Consumer Risks From Pathogen-based Water Modelmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In most previous studies [196], uncertainties in the consumption rate and virus concentrations were found to have the most or significant impact on the variation in estimates of the risk of infection/disease. In the current study, uncertainties in the amount of salad consumed at home, the detection of positive samples, or quantifiable concentrations, and the time between last irrigation and produce consumption were the most influential factors affecting the variation in the pathogen risk.…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In the last results Chapter (Chapter 5), the study performed a quantitative microbial risk assessment of consumers of wastewater irrigated produce and for the first time used direct concentrations of pathogens (norovirus) in wastewater, contrary to most previous studies [66,195,196,200] which have adopted the indicator-pathogen ratio approach or other approaches such as the human faecal shedding rate. Additionally, the pathogen infection risk was modelled as a probability of exposure to both positive and negative samples, and not only positives which could potentially overestimate the risk.…”

Section: Novelty Of Study and Contributions To Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

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Wastewater use in urban agriculture: an exposure and risk assessment in Accra, Ghana

Agyei

Ensink

2016

Jnl Sci Tech

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In order to minimize the health risks to agricultural workers, and consumers of wastewater irrigated produce, the World Health Organisation has developed guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture. This study sought to test the appropriateness of the current Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment model and the multiple-barrier approach advocated by the WHO guidelines.Over a one year period, over 500 produce and ready-to-eat salad samples were collected from fields, markets, and kitchens in Accra, Ghana, and over 300 soil and irrigation water samples were collected. All samples were analysed for E. coli, human adenovirus and norovirus using standard microbiological procedures. In addition, almost 700 participants including farmers, food vendors, and consumers were interviewed and observed to assess critical exposures associated with the transmission of faecal pathogens.The results showed that irrigation water was significantly more contaminated than farm soil, though exposure to soil was found to pose the key risk to farmers due to hand-to-mouth events. Over 80% of produce samples were found contaminated with E. coli, with street food salad being the most contaminated (4.23 Log E. coli/g), and that consumption of salads did not meet health standards. Risk factors identified for produce contamination included farm soil contamination, wastewater use for irrigation, poor hygiene, and operating with a hygiene permit. Awareness of the source of irrigation water was low, but despite the high awareness of health risk, consumers did not prioritize health indicators when buying produce from vendors. Similarly, farmers' awareness of health risk did not influence their adoption of safer farm practices. The study recommends the promotion of interventions that would result in more direct benefits to producers and vendors, together with hygiene education and inspection, hygiene certification and enforcement of food safety byelaws in order to increase the uptake of the multi-barrier approach. 4PhD related documents 2014:

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Risk assessment of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in strawberries imported into China

Zhong,

Yang,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Food Science & Nutrition

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Norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) pose a considerable health risk worldwide. In recent years, many cases of virus infection caused by virus‐contaminated strawberries have occurred worldwide. This study applied a critical control point system to analyze the main hazards during the production and marketing of strawberries imported into China and explore the key control points in the whole process. To further evaluate the risks in the supply chain, the established quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was used to determine the probability that residents would be infected with viruses after consuming imported strawberries. It was found that the risk of virus contamination from imported strawberries was low, and the virus contamination mainly results from water resources and personnel. This research helps the regulatory authorities formulate strategies to ensure the long‐term microbial safety of imported strawberries. In addition, the methods may prove useful in evaluating the risks of other agricultural produce.

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A probabilistic quantitative microbial risk assessment model of norovirus disease burden from wastewater irrigation of vegetables in Shepparton, Australia

Cited by 88 publications

References 106 publications

Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits

Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: A Review about Its Limitations and Benefits

Wastewater use in urban agriculture: an exposure and risk assessment in Accra, Ghana

Risk assessment of norovirus and hepatitis A virus in strawberries imported into China

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