A Probabilistic Model of Spin and Spin Measurements

2017

JMP

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Starting from a probabilistic model of the electron, which explains spin and spin measurements in terms of a probability density distribution resulting from a rapidly changing angular momentum during an extended Zitterbewegung EZBW, a "light-like" model of the electron and other spin-1 2 particles is formulated. This model describes individual particles in terms of paths of a moving quantum. It is shown that this description allows one to reproduce observable properties as path-averages over a period of the fast EZBW in elementary calculations. The general topology of the paths may be described as a helical path, with a helix axis forming a circle around a fixed point in space. The radius of the helix and of the circle is equal and given by half the reduced Compton wave length of a photon of energy equal to the rest energy of the particle described. The paths depend on the relative velocity between the described "entity" and the observer, and represent the De Broglie wave. The merits of the proposed model are summarized and its role in relation to the established description by quantum mechanics is discussed. It is concluded that it supports the existence of the proposed EZBW, and offers a description of quantum behavior without quantum mechanics.

supporting

confidence: 76%

Zitterbewegung and the Electron

2017

JMP

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“…This distribution was shown to explain the results of spin measurements in directions forming an angle with the average spin of the particle [1], and led to the construction of our fermion model. If the elementary charge (e) is ascribed to the quantum, the average magnetic moment caused by the rotation of the ring can be calculated.…”

Section: The Fermion Modelmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Similar models as the one developed in [1] [2] [3] have been proposed and discussed earlier in the literature [see f.i., [7] [8] [9] [10]]. What we intend to prove in this paper, is the fact that, our fermion model, sketched above qualitatively, allows to construct nucleons and to calculate their properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An Alternative Model of Proton and Neutron

2020

JMP

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Based on a model of fermions which implies a model of photons, a model of the neutron is constructed by merging two photons of equal energy propagating in opposite directions. The fermion model is outlined, and the merging of two photons is described in detail. The radius of the neutron obtained in this way is R n = 0.84008… fm. This value is four times the reduced Compton wavelength of the neutron. Assuming the same model for the proton, one obtains a value of R p = 0.84123… fm, which agrees with the most recent experimental value for the charge radius of the proton within the given limits of error. The neutral charge of the neutron is reproduced, and the positive charge of the proton follows within the model, if the proton is formed via the anti-neutron by losing one electron. S = ±ħ/2, and zero dipole moment, is also reproduced for proton and neutron. Further, a value of the magnetic moment of the neutron of μ = −2.00μ N (μ N : nuclear magnetic moment), and of the proton of μ = 2.666… μ N is predicted. The deviation by ca. 5% from the recommended respective values of (−1.9130μ n), and (2.793μ n) is ascribed to the (g-2)-anomaly. Finally, the relation of the model with the established description of the nucleons in terms of three quarks bound by gluons is shortly discussed.

“…W(t,Dt)= 4a 2 cos 2 (ωDB t)+4b 2 cos 2 (ωDB (t+Dt)) -2(a cos(ωDB t)-b cos(ωDB (t+Dt)) 2 (10) Expression (10) has to be averaged over time to obtain the probability as a function of the direction (δ). The integration yields: W(Dt)=(a 2 +b 2 +2ab cos(ωDBDt))…”

Section: Figure 4: the Two Slit Situationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Interference without Quantum Mechanics

2019

JMP

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A recently proposed model of the Dirac electron, which describes observed properties of the particle correctly, is in the present paper shown to be also able to explain quantum interference by classical probabilities. According to this model, the electron is not point-like, but rather an "entity" formed by a fast periodic motion of a quantum whose energy is equal to the rest energy of the electron. Only after a time span equal to the period of that periodic motion the "entity" becomes the electron, with its properties, mass, spin, charge, etc.. When in motion with respect to the observer, the "dynamic substructure" of the electron described in this way, leads to a certain time structure of its detection probability, if the space-time point of detection is taken as the space-time point of the quantum. In the typical "two slit" experimental situation, this leads to a periodic detection probability with a frequency of twice the De Broglie frequency. This result is identical to the result obtained by the quantum mechanical description of the moving electron by the free particle wave function. The different interpretations of the established interference pattern, inherent in the two alternative theoretical descriptions is outlined, and the relation between the two descriptions discussed. It is concluded that quantum interference is well explained with classical probabilities, without quantum mechanics and without paradoxes. In view of the demonstrated merits of the model on the one hand, and the new aspects regarding the established theories it implies on the other, a more thorough investigation of its role in relation to relativistic quantum mechanics, and to quantum field theory is suggested. Some of the interesting aspects are summarized.