A primary standard for the volume flow rate of natural gas under high pressure based on laser Doppler velocimetry

Mickan, Bodo; Strunck, V.

doi:10.1088/0026-1394/51/5/459

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…On this basis, experimental verification of MR affected by confined space was conducted by two confined jets applied in gas flow measurement. The different results of the deviation (qi was measured volume flux at different axial positions and q0 was at the nozzle exit) (Mickan and Strunck 2014) are shown in Fig. 13.…”

Section: The Effect Of Confined Space Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation on the Gas Jet Flow Performance Confined in Round Pipe

2021

JAFM

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In this study, the round jet flow behavior arose by the confinement was investigated experimentally and numerically. The confinement characteristics based on multi-scale characterizations in the atmospheric gas jet flow, which generated from a circular symmetrical subsonic nozzle and flowed into a confined round pipe, was used to studied. The studied region near the nozzle possess really short axial length (within 12d), providing initial conditions and boundaries that affected the flow behaviors in this region. A wide range of inlet velocities (0.98 m/s~84.72 m/s) and confined space sizes (1~20) were involved for simulated and quantitative discussions. The velocity profile evolution was recorded by simulations and characterized by a laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) with a resolution of 0.01 m/s. The confinement characteristics were systematically presented to elucidate the performance under the studied confined conditions with different metrics, such as centerline velocity decay (VR), entrainment rate (MR), pressure coefficient (Cp) and length of recirculation region (LR). The results indicated that the recirculation fluid action mainly contributed to the promoted initial velocity profile evolution with the introduction of the confined space. Theoretically, the confined space could reduce the maximum absolute entrainment mass flux, initiating a peak at the center of the recirculation region, which was controlled by the inlet velocity and the confined space size collectively. The remarkable effect of confined space size further contributes to the confinement characteristics of gas jet flow, representing a shortened flow distance despite similar process as that by reducing the diameter ratio (dR). In some cases, because of the miniaturization of confined space size, the dispersion of initial velocity profile evolution was not significant displayed throughout the variable inlet velocity range, especially when the dR was less than 2. This study gives a new insight in the performance of jet flow confined in round pipe, and such knowledge will be helpful to provide great potential and reference to applied fluid mechanics.

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Section: The Effect Of Confined Space Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, due to the unique and stable velocity profile near the nozzle, the parameters of round confined jet play the key role in the velocity-area method when applied in the gas flow measurements (Mickan and Strunck 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Gas Jet Flow Performance Confined in Round Pipe

2021

JAFM

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“…The geometry also determines the size of the measuring volume via the beam angle and the beam width. However, the laser beams are better modelled as Gaussian beams (see Mickan et al [4] for a discussion pertaining to LDV, and Brooker [12] for more on Gaussian beams in general). Depending on whether the beam waists are mapped exactly to the focal spot, the fringe spacing may change in the measurement volume.…”

Section: Conclusion and Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…LDV as a flow measurement technology has already been demonstrated under high pressure with natural gas (5.5 MPa) with an uncertainty of 0.22% (see Mickan et al [4]) but its extension to cryogenic temperatures is especially challenging because 1. The measurement of a velocity component in LNG by means of LDV requires the introduction into the fluid through one optical path of two laser beams which intersect to form the measurement volume.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryogenic flow rate measurement with a laser Doppler velocimetry standard

Maury¹,

Strzelecki²,

Auclercq³

et al. 2018

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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A very promising alternative to the state-of-the-art static volume measurements for liquefied natural gas (LNG) custody transfer processes is the dynamic principle of flow metering. As the Designated Institute (DI) of the LNE (‘Laboratoire National de métrologie et d’Essais’, being the French National Metrology Institute) for high-pressure gas flow metering, Cesame–Exadebit is involved in various research and development programs. Within the framework of the first (2010–2013) and second (2014–2017) EURAMET Joint Research Project (JRP), named ‘Metrological support for LNG custody transfer and transport fuel applications’, Cesame–Exadebit explored a novel cryogenic flow metering technology using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) as an alternative to ultrasonic and Coriolis flow metering. Cesame–Exadebit is trying to develop this technique as a primary standard for cryogenic flow meters. Currently, cryogenic flow meters are calibrated at ambient temperatures with water. Results are then extrapolated to be in the Reynolds number range of real applications. The LDV standard offers a unique capability to perform online calibration of cryogenic flow meters in real conditions (temperature, pressure, piping and real flow disturbances). The primary reference has been tested on an industrial process in a LNG terminal during truck refuelling. The reference can calibrate Coriolis flow meters being used daily with all the real environmental constraints, and its utilisation is transparent for LNG terminal operators. The standard is traceable to Standard International units and the combined extended uncertainties have been determined and estimated to be lower than 0.6% (an ongoing improvement to reducing the correlation function uncertainty, which has a major impact in the uncertainty estimation).

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“…It promises reliable and traceable measurements of velocity statistics with high acc uracy even at high Reynolds numbers [3]. Hence, this technique has been used in many disciplines ranging from fundamental [4] to applied research [5], and scaling from macro [6] to the micro [7] dimension.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situcalibration of an interferometric velocity sensor for measuring small scale flow structures using a Talbot-pattern

König¹,

Czarske²

2017

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Small scale flow phenomena play an important role across engineering, biological and chemical sciences. To gain deeper understanding of the influence of those flow phenomena involved, measurement techniques with high spatial resolution are often required, presuming a calibration of very low uncertainty. To enable such measurements, a method for the in situ calibration of an interferometric flow velocity profile sensor is presented. This sensor, with demonstrated spatial resolution better than 1 μm, allows for spatially-resolving measurements with low velocity uncertainty in flows with high velocity gradients, on condition that the spatial behavior of the interference fringe systems is well-known by calibration with low uncertainty, especially challenging to obtain at applications with geometries difficult to access. The calibration method described herein uses three interfering beams to form the interference fringe systems of the sensor, yielding Doppler burst signals exhibiting two peaks in the frequency domain whose amplitude ratio varies periodically along the measurement volume major z-axis, giving a further independent value of the axial tracer particle position that can be used to determine the calibration functions of the sensor during the flow measurement. A flow measurement in a microchannel experimentally validates that the presented approach allows for simultaneously estimating the calibration functions and the velocity profile, providing flow measurements with very low systematic measurement errors of the particle position of less than 400 nm (confidence interval 95%). In that way, the interferometric flow velocity profile sensor utilizing the in situ self-calibration method promises valuable insights on small scale flow phenomena, such as those given in shear and boundary layer flows, by featuring reliable flow measurements due to minimum systematic and statistical measurement errors.

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A primary standard for the volume flow rate of natural gas under high pressure based on laser Doppler velocimetry

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Investigation on the Gas Jet Flow Performance Confined in Round Pipe

Investigation on the Gas Jet Flow Performance Confined in Round Pipe

Cryogenic flow rate measurement with a laser Doppler velocimetry standard

In situcalibration of an interferometric velocity sensor for measuring small scale flow structures using a Talbot-pattern

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