“…In recent years, advances in multiparameter flow cytometry, high-throughput technologies, and robust imaging techniques have produced an abundance of quantitative data and illuminated the need for new theoretical approaches that can unravel complex biological interactions. In addition, the emergence of new data on multi-pathogen infections (reviewed in [9]), important viral-induced pathologies (e.g., by Zika virus (ZV) [10,11], Ebola virus (EV) [12], or BK virus (BKV) [13]) and better data on virus-induced autoimmunity (e.g., by EBV [4]) has opened the door for novel investigative designs. For over 20 years, mathematical models have been developed to assess infection kinetics during acute or chronic viral infection to better understand virus replication, elucidate mechanisms of viral persistence and control by host immune responses, disentangle pathogen-pathogen interplay, and evaluate the clinical potential of different antiviral therapies [cite].…”