A Pressor Response Associated with Drinking in Rats

Hoffman, William E.; Phillips, M. Ian; Wilson, Elizabeth; Schmid, Phillip G.

doi:10.3181/00379727-154-39617a

Cited by 34 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Sympathetic activation is implicated by the observations that ␣-adrenoreceptor blockade with phentolamine abolishes the pressor effect of water drinking in animals, 1 and that yohimbine (which acts through sympathetic activation) 8,12 had a greater pressor effect in patients who displayed a pronounced pressor effect to water than it did in patients with a moderate or absent pressor response to water. Finally, in both younger and older controls plasma norepinephrine levels increased after water drinking by a magnitude at least as great as that elicited by smoking 2 unfiltered cigarettes (97 pg/mL increase) 13 or ingesting 250 mg caffeine (102 pg/mL increase).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water ingestion increases blood pressure in several animal species. 1,2 In humans, however, research on short-term cardiovascular effects of water drinking has been neglected, and the issue is not addressed in major physiology texts. The possibility that water drinking may have short-term cardiovascular effects came to our attention through observations made by patients with severe orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic failure.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Pressor Response to Water Drinking in Humans

Jordan¹,

Shannon²,

Black³

et al. 2000

Circulation

326

454

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Background-Water drinking increases blood pressure profoundly in patients with autonomic failure and substantially in older control subjects. The mechanism that mediates this response is not known. Methods and Results-We studied the effect of drinking tap water on seated blood pressure in 47 patients with severe autonomic failure (28 multiple system atrophy [MSA], 19 pure autonomic failure patients [PAF]). Eleven older controls and 8 young controls served as control group. We also studied the mechanisms that could increase blood pressure with water drinking. Systolic blood pressure increased profoundly with water drinking, reaching a maximum of 33Ϯ5 mm Hg in MSA and 37Ϯ7 in PAF mm Hg after 30 to 35 minutes. The pressor response was greater in patients with more retained sympathetic function and was almost completely abolished by trimethaphan infusion. Systolic blood pressure increased by 11Ϯ2.4 mm Hg in elderly but not in young controls. Plasma norepinephrine increased in both groups. Plasma renin activity, vasopressin, and blood volume did not change in any group. Conclusions-Water drinking significantly and rapidly raises sympathetic activity. Indeed, it raises plasma norepinephrine as much as such classic sympathetic stimuli as caffeine and nicotine. This effect profoundly increases blood pressure in autonomic failure patients, and this effect can be exploited to improve symptoms due to orthostatic hypotension. Water drinking also acutely raises blood pressure in older normal subjects. The pressor effect of oral water is an important yet unrecognized confounding factor in clinical studies of pressor agents and antihypertensive medications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pressor Response to Water Drinking in Humans

Jordan¹,

Shannon²,

Black³

et al. 2000

Circulation

326

454

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Water drinking causes many physiological changes, including fluctuations in endocrine function, cardiovascular system, and fluid balance during or immediately after drinking [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Because these changes occur in the early phase of drinking, the contribution of absorbed water from the gastrointestinal tract may be little, if any, but neural factors such as reflex, as with receptors in the oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, or gastric regions, have been suggested.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initial hemoconcentration was likely to be induced by a transient rise in blood pressure (BP) immediately after the onset of drinking. The rise in BP following water drinking by animals and humans might be attributed to stimuli from the oropharyngeal region, gastric distension, or other stimuli [3,[8][9][10], however, the mechanism responsible for the drinking- Japanese Journal of Physiology, 52, 421-427, 2002 Key words: pressor response, microneurography, water ingestion, gastric distension, human. …”

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Changes in Blood Pressure and Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity during Water Drinking in Humans.

Endo

Yamauchi²,

Tsutsui³

et al. 2002

JJP

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Water drinking is recognized to be an essential behavior for fluid homeostasis and is frequently and necessarily observed in daily life. Water drinking causes many physiological changes, including fluctuations in endocrine function, cardiovascular system, and fluid balance during or immediately after drinking [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Because these changes occur in the early phase of drinking, the contribution of absorbed water from the gastrointestinal tract may be little, if any, but neural factors such as reflex, as with receptors in the oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, or gastric regions, have been suggested. Stimulation of the oropharyngeal region with water results in a decreased release of vasopressin and causes hypotonic diuresis in humans [1]. Recently, we have demonstrated that water drinking caused a biphasic change in blood volume; an initial hemoconcentration followed by hemodilution in humans [2]. The initial hemoconcentration was likely to be induced by a transient rise in blood pressure (BP) immediately after the onset of drinking. The rise in BP following water drinking by animals and humans might be attributed to stimuli from the oropharyngeal region, gastric distension, or other stimuli [3,[8][9][10], however, the mechanism responsible for the drinking- Japanese Journal of Physiology, 52, 421-427, 2002 Key words: pressor response, microneurography, water ingestion, gastric distension, human. Abstract:To investigate the possible involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in pressor response during water drinking, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were continuously measured in healthy young volunteers throughout the experiments of a 5-min control, 2 min of drinking 500 ml water, and a 28-min recovery. To avoid the effects of water passing through the oropharyngeal and esophageal regions and/or effects of swallowing, an equal amount of water was directly infused to the stomach through a stomach tube for 2 min. Water drinking caused a transient increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR immediately after drinking (⌬MAP, 12.6Ϯ2.1 mmHg; ⌬HR, ϩ19.9Ϯ1.7 beats/min at the peak). An abrupt decrease of MSNA was observed directly during water drinking (⌬burst rate, Ϫ6.9Ϯ1.3 bursts/min; ⌬total activity, Ϫ2,606Ϯ 491 U/min), and it increased to the baseline level thereafter. Gastric infusion had little or no effect on MAP, HR, and MSNA. The present study demonstrated that a pressor response during water drinking was associated with the attenuation of MSNA and not generated by gastric infusion of water at the same rate as in this drinking manner. In conclusion, the rapid rise in BP might be caused through stimulations from the oropharyngeal region, swallowing-induced factors, and/or a feedforward mechanism by a central descending signal from the higher brain centers.

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“…1 In young healthy individuals, although preventing syncope, 7 acute water ingestion has little effect on blood pressure. 2,5,8 Comparing the effect of acute water ingestion in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats, Hoffman et al 9 observed that hypertensive rats responded with a higher increase in blood pressure than normotensive rats. If this is also the case in humans, it would have potential implications in follow-up measurements of blood pressure as well as in the treatment of druginduced hypotensive episodes in patients with hypertension.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute water ingestion increases arterial blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive subjects

et al. 2007

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In patients with severe autonomic dysfunction, water ingestion elicits an acute pressor response. Hypertension may be associated with changes in cardiovascular autonomic modulation, but there is no information on the acute effects of water ingestion in patients with hypertension. In this study, we compared the effect of acute water ingestion on haemodynamic and autonomic responses of hypertensive and normotensive individuals. Eight patients with mild hypertension were compared to 10 normotensive individuals. After 30 min resting in the supine position all subjects ingested 500 ml of water. At baseline and after water ingestion, venous blood samples for plasma volume determination were collected, and electrocardiographic tracings, finger blood pressure, forearm blood flow and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were obtained. Water ingestion resulted in similar and minor reduction in plasma volume. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased in both hypertensive (mean7s.d.: 19/1476/ 3 mm Hg) and normotensive subjects (17/1476/3 mm Hg). There was an increase in forearm vascular resistance and in MSNA. Heart rate was reduced (hypertensive: 571 beats/min, normotensive: 576 beats/min) and the high-frequency component of heart rate and systolic blood pressure variability was increased. In hypertensive and normotensive individuals, acute water ingestion elicits a pressor response, an effect that is most likely determined by an increased vasoconstrictor sympathetic activity, and is counterbalanced by an increase in blood pressure and heart rate vagal modulation.

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A Pressor Response Associated with Drinking in Rats

Cited by 34 publications

References 6 publications

The Pressor Response to Water Drinking in Humans

The Pressor Response to Water Drinking in Humans

Changes in Blood Pressure and Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity during Water Drinking in Humans.

Acute water ingestion increases arterial blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive subjects

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