A Preliminary Survey of the Distribution and Host-specificity of Ticks (Ixodoidea) in the Bechuanaland Protectorate

Abstract

SummaryTwenty one species of ticks (Ixodoidea), one of which is represented by two subspecies, are recorded from the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Localities, dates and the hosts are given; general distribution and medical and veterinary importance are discussed under each species.The shrub desert formations of the Kalahari are shown to be unsuitable habitats for most species of ticks; only a few are able to survive under severe desert conditions.In medical respects, Ornithodoros moubata (Murr.), as the transmitter of relapsing fever, is the most important tick in the Protectorate. It has been found in the eastern part up to Francistown and in Ngamiland and near Tsane; its further distribution has not yet been established. Larvae and nymphs of various members of the Ixodidae infesting domestic and wild rodents are potential transmitters of tick-bite fever.Cattle in the eastern area and in Ngamiland were found to be infested by ten species, of which Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, Hyalomma rufipes Koch, H. truncatum Koch, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, R. evertsi evertsi Neumann, R. simus simus Koch and Boophilus decoloratus (Koch) are the most important ones, both in respect of the numbers infesting cattle, and of their significance as transmitters of redwater, anaplasmosis, heartwater and sweating sickness.Sheep, goats, pigs and horses were found to be infested by nine of the species listed above as occurring on cattle.Dogs were mainly parasitised by Rhipicephalus simus which outnumbered by far the two recognised dog-ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sanguineus (Latr.) and Haemaphysalis leachii leachii (Aud.).Wild Bovids and zebra are infested by species which also live on domestic ruminants, but the percentage of the different species present varies according to the host and to the locality.Wild carnivores are infested by the same species as are dogs, but in this group, too, there are differences in the relative abundance of the various tick species.Small birds are hosts of immature stages of Amblyomma and Hyalomma species. Their importance as carriers for the dispersal of cattle-infesting ticks is noticed.

Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea) in Botswana

“…Its presence in this area was questioned by Walker et al (1978). The present numbers and distribution of the species in Botswana contrast with the rareness and scattered distribution reported by Zumpt (1958) and the absence of reference to Boophilus by Santos Dias (1955). Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina are transmitted by Boophilus decploratus in Botswana.…”

“…9). In the present survey, it was found in parts of the western Kalahari (Ghanzi and Kgalagadi Districts) from which it was previously believed absent (Zumpt, 1958). It was found at 74 of the 114 collecting points, and in some areas its distribution overlapped that of R. e. mimeticus Donitz.…”

“…This tick was previously known to exist as far south as the Caprivi and Zimbabwe (Zumpt, 1958), and Theiler (1962, p. 69) included Kasane, Botswana, in its distribution. The author has confirmed the presence of this species in northern Botswana, specimens having been obtained from the Kwando (79) in Ngamiland and from Kavimba (36), Kazungula (37), Lesomo (38) and Pandamatenga (39) in Chobe District.…”

Clarification of the status of Rhipicephalus tricuspis D�nitz, 1906 and Rhipicephalus lunulatus Neumann, 1907 (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)

“…, as R. tricuspis);Botswana (Santos Dias, 1956;Zumpt, 1958, in part, as R. tricuspis; Theiler, 1962, in part, as R. tri-Rhipicephalus lunulatus or R. tricuspis R. lunufatus or R. sp. near tricuspis [] Fig.…”

A BIOLOGICAL VARIANT OF ORNITHODOROS MOUBATA MURRAY (IXODOIDEA: ARGASIDAE) FROM SOUTH AFRICA

“…The exuviae were also paler and more delicate. These appearances were maintained in numerous generations up to 1957, when further cultures were received from Dr. P. Zumpt of the South African Institute for Medical Research, who was engaged in a study of the ticks of the Bechuanaland Protectorate (Zumpt, 1958). In personal communications Dr. Zumpt states that of 20 widely scattered collections of domestic 0. moubata obtained in Bechuanaland and South West Africa, only one was infected with Spirochaeta duttoni.…”