A preliminary study on current agricultural practices among small-scale rice farmers in Kelantan, Malaysia

Abstract

This study investigates the potential exposure parameters among small-scale rice farmers based on their current agricultural practices under submerged rice systems. Twenty-four rice farmers from the District of Tanah Merah in Kelantan, Malaysia were interviewed about various pesticide exposure parameters (November 2020), followed by the collection of pesticide application information using questionnaire surveys across the whole rice season (December 2020 – March 2021). Overall, the 15 selected rice farmers with small-scale farm sizes (≤ 2.0 hectares) applied maximum numbers of 4 pesticide products and 10 spray rounds during 3 – 13 spraying days across the whole rice season, using 12 – 18 L of motorised knapsack sprayers (median: 15 L). The 15 selected rice farmers removed pesticide leftovers in the sprayers using soap and/or water only at the end of a spraying day. Each individual applied one of three disposal methods of empty pesticide containers, comprising thrown in the field (7 individuals), collect and burn (6 individuals) and buried in the ground (2 individuals). During mixing/loading, spraying and sprayer washing activities, individuals applied some protective measures by wearing long sleeves and long pants and face masks (each 15 individuals) and (long/short) boots (11 individuals), and that of relatively fewer use of gloves (5 individuals). Study findings indicate potential pesticide exposure among small-scale rice farmers due to the use of pesticide mixtures, improper handling of pesticide wastes and improper use of protective measures.

Pesticide Exposure and Neurobehavioral Performance among Paddy Farmers

“…Their understanding of the effects of pesticides on human health aligns with earlier studies, supporting the notion that farmers with higher knowledge levels are aware of the negative impacts of pesticides on health [19,20]. Interestingly, most farmers in this study had not undergone specific pesticide handling instruction, a trend observed in prior research where experienced farmers rely on past experiences rather than formal training [7].…”

“…Various factors can impact the extent of pesticide exposure in real-field settings. These factors encompass the kind of crop cultivated, the specific pesticide utilized along with its physical and chemical characteristics, the spraying machinery employed, the adoption of personal protective gear, storage practices for pesticide products, proper disposal of empty containers, and the behaviors and expertise of those working with these substances [7]. Toxic chemical from pesticides gradually accumulates in body fat through dermal, oral, and respiratory routes due to improper handling, and it may pose long-term and chronic effects on human health [8].…”