A preliminary study for the characterization of Kültepe's adobe soils with the purpose of providing data for conservation and archaeology

Uğuryol, Mehmet; Kulakoğlu, Fikri

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2012.12.008

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Detailed explanations of the listed materials and techniques can be found in the subsequent subsections. Portugal [32] Middle East [33] Africa [34] Egypt [35] Egypt [36] Egypt Table 1. Cont.…”

Section: Research Methodology and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As illustrated in Table 1, adobe is one of the earliest materials humans used to construct buildings worldwide and can be found in China [30], Europe [31], North America [39], the Middle East [32], and Africa [33] (refer to Figure 1). Several historians and archeologists indicate Mesopotamia as the origin of adobe brick use, later spreading to Egypt where mud from the Nile River mixed with straw was used to construct simple houses [35,36]. Some of the earliest adobe buildings recorded can be traced to ancient Egypt.…”

Section: Use Of Bio-based (Low-carbon) Materials In Vernacular Archit...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring Low-Carbon Design and Construction Techniques: Lessons from Vernacular Architecture

2023

Climate

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This paper presents a comprehensive review of low-carbon materials and construction techniques commonly used in vernacular buildings. The study highlights the relevance of vernacular architecture in the context of the shift towards sustainable construction practices. A combination of a climatic zone map, vernacular language type map, and continent map is used to identify the vernacular regions. Eight bio-based low-carbon materials, including wood, adobe, rammed earth, cob, sod, thatch, bamboo, and straw bales, are discussed, along with their characteristics, availability, and environmental impacts. The construction techniques associated with these materials are explained, emphasizing their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability. The paper also explores two important design approaches: design for disassembly and design for modularity that were used in vernacular building. The review found the use of low-carbon materials and construction techniques derived from vernacular architecture can contribute to minimizing waste, reducing environmental impacts, and promoting a circular economy in the building industry. This research provides valuable insights for architects, engineers, and policymakers seeking sustainable alternatives in the construction sector.

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Section: Research Methodology and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Use Of Bio-based (Low-carbon) Materials In Vernacular Archit...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Low-Carbon Design and Construction Techniques: Lessons from Vernacular Architecture

2023

Climate

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“…A higher percentage of clay produces shrinkage in bricks [12]. The organic matter, carbonate content, and pH of sediments are some of the other useful characteristics of sediments for their use in bricks [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sediments and fibers are usually mixed with optimum molding moisture content to make crude bricks [23][24][25]. Increasing the fiber content also requires additional water to improve workability [13], as a higher fiber content reduces the dry density of sediments and fiber matrix and increases their optimum moisture content [26]. A higher amount of water makes the compaction and demolding of bricks difficult, while with low water content, friction between the soil particles is high and disturbs the compaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation on a Preparation and Controlled Compaction Procedure for Waste-Fiber-Reinforced Raw Earth Samples

et al. 2021

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Earth bricks are a traditional eco-friendly construction material. In this study, harbor-dredged sediments were used along with hemp shiv to develop a brick manufacturing procedure and compaction techniques to produce durable earth bricks for the valorization of waste hemp shiv and dredged sediments. Prismatic specimens of size 4 × 4 × 16 cm3 were manufactured with Dunkirk sediments after analyzing their suitability for earth bricks according to the French standard for flexural strength test to observe the indirect tensile strength and impact of the compaction techniques on the strength of bricks. Crude bricks were manufactured with varying hemp shiv content from 0% to 5% by mass. Compaction techniques such as dynamic compaction, static compaction, and tamping were applied. The effect of hemp shiv content and compaction techniques was evaluated with a flexural strength test and the distribution of fibers in bricks. Grain size analysis of sediments with French and Spanish standards shows that the sediments granulometry is suitable for earth bricks. The flexural strength testing of bricks indicates that bricks with saturated hemp shiv have higher flexural strength. Earth bricks have maximum strength with dynamic compaction with 1% hemp shiv, which satisfies the adobe bricks tensile strength requirements that vary from 0.012 to 0.025 MPa (NZS 4298, 1998; NORMA E.080 (2017).

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“…Kültepe (Kaniş Karum), the most important ancient settlement in Cappadocia, is the largest Early Bronze Age settlement in Anatolia (Kulakoğlu et al, 2013). This settlement became an important trade and cultural center in the period of the Assyrian Trade Colonies (1950( -1700, during which commercial and cultural relations with Mesopotamia developed (Uğuryol and Kulakoğlu, 2013). Kültepe, important historically and for its strategic location in Cappadocia, is of particular significance since it is situated close to the Lake Tuzla (23 km to the northeast).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mid-to late-Holocene paleovegetation change in vicinity of Lake Tuzla (Kayseri), Central Anatolia, Turkey

Şenkul

Memiş

Eastwood

et al. 2018

Quaternary International

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show abstract

A preliminary study for the characterization of Kültepe's adobe soils with the purpose of providing data for conservation and archaeology

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Exploring Low-Carbon Design and Construction Techniques: Lessons from Vernacular Architecture

Exploring Low-Carbon Design and Construction Techniques: Lessons from Vernacular Architecture

Implementation on a Preparation and Controlled Compaction Procedure for Waste-Fiber-Reinforced Raw Earth Samples

Mid-to late-Holocene paleovegetation change in vicinity of Lake Tuzla (Kayseri), Central Anatolia, Turkey

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