A preliminary investigation of the electrochemical performance of α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 cathodes in high-temperature cells

MnO Conversion in Li-Ion Batteries: In Situ Studies and the Role of Mesostructuring

“…3 Initially considered to be feasible only at high temperatures with molten salt electrolytes, 4,5 transition metal oxides that store charge by conversion were found to exhibit reversibility at room temperature with sufficiently small particle sizes. 6 Since this revelation, a number of studies have reported the performance of M a X b compounds that react with Li by conversion, such that M = a transition metal and X = O, S, N, P, and F. 3,6 Conversion reactions are understood to follow as (Eq.…”

High rate capabilities Fe3O4-based Cu nano-architectured electrodes for lithium-ion battery applications

“…Fe 3 O 4 is an attractive material, being one of the cheapest common oxides, with very low toxicity 18 , and it is an environmentally friendly product (part of iron rust). It has been shown to act as a rechargeable conversion electrode material that reacts with eight Li per formula unit at a potential of 1.6 V versus Li 19,20). Furthermore, this inverse spinel exhibits one of the highest electronic conductivities (σ = 2 × 10 4 S m −1 ) of the simple oxides, which is only an order of magnitude less than the minimum metallic conductivity 21 .…”

The Structural Design of Electrode Materials for High Energy Lithium Batteries

“…For reactions (1) and (2) above, a maximum of one electron can be transferred per transition metal ion in the NiOOH and Li 1-x CoO 2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) electrodes. For delithiated Li 1-x CoO 2 electrodes, however, x max is limited in practice to approximately 0.5 because the structure becomes unstable at higher values of x. Reversible displacement reactions, sometimes referred to as 'conversion' reactions, in which new phases are constructed during discharge and charge, can occur by multi-electron transfer processes, as exemplified by the reactions of lead-acid-and high-temperature sodium-nickel chloride batteries that allow for the transfer of 2 electrons per Pb and Ni redox centers, respectively, as shown in reactions (3) and (4) (Sudworth, 2001;Linden and Reddy, 2002 (Thackeray et al, 1981). The overall reaction that occurs between 2.0-1.0 V, is simply:…”

“…Fairly recently, nanoparticulate metal oxides such as CoO that operate by reversible lithium insertionmetal displacement reactions were suggested as possible alternative anode materials (Poizot et al, 2000): (Thackeray et al, 1981(Thackeray et al, , 1984b cells in which the anion lattice provides a stable framework for the cations during discharge and charge. In particular, the reaction of the Na/NiCl 2 'Zebra' battery:…”