“…Children from low SES families have scores on norm-referenced measures that are substantially lower than the normative sample, ranging from .5 to 1.5 standard deviations below the normative mean (Hadley, Simmerman, Long, & Luna, 2000;Hart & Risley, 1995;Horton-Ikard & Ellis Weismer, 2007;Qi, Kaiser, Milan, & Hancock, 2006;Snow, Barnes, Chandler, Goodman, & Hemphill, 1991;Whitehurst, 1997). For example, in the Qi et al (2006) study of nearly 500 preschool children from low SES families, means on the PPVT-III for African…”